Year:2004 | Volume:17 | Issue:2 (63 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:20

This survey has been done for determination of common grouper fish (Family: Serranidae, Epinephelus coioides) population old structure from January 2000 till May 2002 in Khouzestan coastal waters (Persian Gulf).Forage determination, sagita otoliths of 450 fish were taken and countable otolihts were obtained from 425 specimens. Relative frequency distribution of opaque and transparent rings showed that each opaque growth ring generates once a year from November to September. It seemed that generation of opaque rings is affected by temperature and photoperiod changes. Correlation between length and age was Bertalanffys least square method. Following equation was obtained: L(t): 122.27 (1 - e - 0.146 (t+0.482)) Length and age correlation was calculated by exponential model. Correlation between age and weight of sagita was calculated by total length and age. The most Correlation was between sagita weight and fish age (r = 0.876).

Edible mushroom is one of the agricultural product which has high nutritional value but is extremely perishable and has a short shelf life period. This study was conducted to extend the shelf life of A. bisporus by hot air drying method, novel chemical and heat treatment (blanching). Colour change percentage and ratio of rehydration, protein content and microbial count were used as primary criteria for the evaluation of the quality of the dried mushroom slices under optimum condition. Below factors which change the quality of dried product were studied; Chemical treatments by H.Cl.Ca, citric acid, EDTA, metabisulphite (M.B.S.) and combination of M.B.S with other chemicals, Pre-treatment blanching with steam or boiling water, different strains of A. bisporus, number of break or flush, best time of drying (from harvest to processing time), different condition of culture, determine shelf life of the products. Results indicated that different treatments and levels were affected significantly (p<0.0001). Chemical treatment with chlorine solution at 50 ppm reduced the microbial count. Citric acid slightly improved the colour and microbial load at 500 and 600 ppm in comparison with the control. Effect of metabisulphite with 400 and 500 ppm improved colour while EDTA had no change on colour of the dry product as compared to the control. On the other hand using M.B.S plus EDTA produced superior dehydrated product from the consumer point of view. M.B.S with cholorine solution effectively decreased the microbial load. Combination of M.B.S with. citric acid caused a slight pale-yellow colour. This colour change was increased as acid quantity, increased and turned completely yellow. Blanching reduced the attractiveness of dried mushroom compared to the control. unbalanced dried mushroom had higher rehydration value and lower protein content than blanched dried mushroom. Treatment of mushroom by blanching (steam or boiling water) reduced the microbial count. Similar results were obtained by either boiling water or steam blanching. This reduction also was similar in either boiling water or steam of blanching. Cultivation conditions of mushroom farms had very important effect on the colour, texture, percentage and ratio of rehydration as well as on nutritional value and microbial contamination of the quality of the dried products. Strains of Agaricus bisporus such as U1, U3, X1, 413 and A-5 on the same cultivation condition had a slight effect on colour and texture but not the total microbial count. The best colour of the dried mushroom was obtained from the 1st and 2nd flushes. Increasing the number of flushes, colour changes also increased. Result showed that harvested fresh mushroom should not be immediately processed; processing should take place after 48, 72 and 96 hours post harvest.

In order to detection of prevalence of persistently infected cattle to pestivirial infection in dairy farms of Tehran aria was conducted on 375 buffey coat samples of upper 3 months ages between Autumn 2001 to Winter 2002. In this study all of the samples were tested by Immunocapture ELlSA and direct fluorescent antibody. From 375 tested samples 19 were positive in ELlSA (7.4%) and 21 were positive in FA (8.2%). In statistical analysis no significant difference were seen in the results of these tests and in the infection rate in different sexes. This level of infection is highly note able in dairy farms of this aria.

The present study was conducted to determine the potential role of sheep and jackals in Echinococcosis / Hydatidosis life cycle in Hamprovince, West Iran. Meanwhile the prevalence of hydatid cysts among goats and cattle as well as the fertility rates of different types and fonns of cysts isolated from infected animals and the viability of protoscolices also were determined. In this regard, 75 golden jackals (Canis aureus), 2111 sheep, 1001 goats and 541 cattle were collected during three years (1997-2000). The jackals were collected either died freshly across the road or shot in the study area. Following autopsy of the animals, the small intestine removed, slit open and the epithelium of the intestine scraped into a jar. To collect worm from the intestine, the epithelial scrapings and the intestinal contents were passed through wire sieves. The contents of the sieves were washed with top water and Echinococcus was couected. Recovered worms were fixed in alcohol and stained with carmine. Meanwhile, sheep, goats and cattle were examined for hydatid cyst infection at five slaughterhouses. Fertility rate of different types and forms of cysts isolated from in fected animals and the viability of protoscolices were also determined using standard methods. Results indicated that, 1.33% of the golden jackals were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. 22.97% of the sheep, 7.19% of the goats and 33.83% of the cattle were also found to be infected with hydatid cyst. In sheep, 56.70% of the cysts were found in lungs, 14.33% in liver and 29.07% in both liver and lungs. In goats, 59.72% of the cysts were found in lungs, 22.22% in liver and 18.06% in both liver and lungs. In cattle, 45.90% of the cysts were found in lungs, 18.03% in liver and 36.08% in both liver and lungs. The cysts isolated from liver and lungs of the sheep show higher fertility rate than the cysts of liver and lungs of goats and cattle. In this regard, the fertility rates of cysts isolated from sheep, goats and cattle were 35.47%, 16.88% and 14.70% respectively. The viability rate of protoscolices of the fertile cysts isolated from the slaughtered animals was found mostly higher than 80%.

A study of the ixodid ticks population of 400 cattle, 185 buffalo, and 350 sheep in villages Oshnavieh suburb, West Azerbaijan, was carried out from Spring 2001 to Spring 2002. Result indicated that hard tick infestation on groin and mammary glands were the most prevalent on cattle (52.24%), buffalo (52.63%), and sheep (55.15%); whereas head, ear, and neck on cattle (1.69%), buffalo (1.32%), and sheep (1.21%) were other ixodid ticks infestation of minor importance. Ixodid ticks distribution per animal were 5, 3-4, 4-5, 2-3, and 1-2, respectively, in cattle, calf, buffalo, she buffalo, and sheep. According to age and sex, heavily infestation observed on female adult cattle (60.77%), she buffalo calf (46.66%), and ewe (54.90%), however, lightly infestation recorded on bull and male cattle calf (20%), male buffalo calf (16.66%), and ram (26.31%). Inthis region, ixodid ticks were present on the animals with most abundant in Spring and at least so in early Autumn. The prevalence of ticks was 44.5% on cattle, 41.08% on buffalo, and 47.14% on sheep. Lab identifying indicated that 2 genus include of Hyaloma spp. (64%) and Rhipicephalus spp. (4%) with 6 species on cattle include of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (4%), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (5.33%), Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum(l6%), Hyalomma marginatum (4%), Hyalomma dromedary (13.33%), and Rhipicephalus bursa (4%); 2 genus include of Hyaloma spp. (62.85%) and Rhipicephalus spp. (4.28%) with 6 species on buffalo include of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (2.85%), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (5.71%), Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (14.28%), Hyalomma marginatum (2.85%), Hyalomma dromedary (14.28%), and Rhipicephalus bursa (4.28%); 5 genus include of Hyaloma spp. (1.81%), Rhipicephalus spp. (23.63%), Haemaphysalis spp. (1.81%), Dermacentor spp. (27.26%), Boophilus spp. (1.81%) with 6 species on sheep include of Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (1.81%), Haemaphysalis inermis (1.81%), Dermacentor marginatus (25.45%), Dermacentor silviarum (1.81%), Boophilus annulatus (1.81%), and Rhipicephalus bursa (23.63%).

This project was carried out to investigate the physical and chemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity) on shrimp culture (Penaeus indicus) in the Gulf of Guatre (The province of Sistan & Baluchestan, southeast of Iran) in winter 2003. The results of the project would improve the management techniques of shrimp ponds. A total of 112 water samples were collected from seven ponds during a four month period. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The analysis of regression was carried out to examine the relation among different parameters. The analysis of results confirms a positive relation between temperature and salinity with the biomass (significance level 0.01). There was also an indirect relation between turbidity and silicate with biomass (significance level 0.01).

A large area in the north of Persian Gulfand sea of Oman have been used for nesting by a great number of sea turtles.The researches done by Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.0) indicate that five species of sea turtles in the region are found as follow:1- Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)2- Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)3- Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)4- Oliveridely turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)5- Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)On the assumption that the distribution of the species on the sides of Persian Gulf and sea of Oman is not different, in the current research by concidering the same subject, their distribution is investigated on the basis of field activities and the existance evidence .The obtained results show that more than 50 habitates in southern coast of Iran is used for grazing, mating and nesting .It reveals that Green and Hawksbill turtle were observed more in these regions.

Some biological characteristics in common kilka (Clupeonella delicatula), including its maturity stages (macroscopic and microscopic), fork length, weight, ovary weight and the oocyte diameter were investigated. For this purpose, 557 common kilka were sampled totally in Babolsar commercial fishing region from April to August 2000.The research indicated that common kilka cached by conic net & light in Babolsar region had four maturity stages. Microscopic study of ovary for determination of maturity stage verified by macroscopic recognize, therefore practically without histological sections, ovary stages confidently could be determined. Absence of positive reaction to light in 5th and 6th stages could be deducted considering the results of this study. The ratio of maturity stages of I to VI, was %2.28, %74.9, %18.46 and %4.36 respectively. The averages of fork length were 69.82,83.56,88.38 and 88.43 mm and the weight averages were 2.2, 4.18, 4.77 & 5.06 respectively for maturity stages of I, n, IW and IV. The significant differences for length and weight were found between I, II, III st. (p<0.05).

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three level of crude protein (10.8, 11.6 and 13%) and metabolizable energy (2.02, 2.3 and 2.57 Mcal/Kg DM) on growth of 45 male Azerbaijan buffalo calves for 12months. The diet was fed as TMR (total mixed ration) and ad lib. Eighteen calves were slaughtered at the end of the trial. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance as a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 5 replications and mean values were compared by the Duncan test. Experimental diets had significant effects on feed conversion' internal fat (p< 0.05) and feed intake (p<0.01). Daily weight gain' carcass percentage' lean meat' bone and fat were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). The diet with 11.6 % CP and 2.56 Mcal ME/Kg DM has the best performance due to the lowest feed conversion' highest daily weight gain and the best carcass characteristics.

Sodium and potassium salts of nitrite have been traditionally used in meat product as preservative, antioxidant and color fixative. Regarding the possible human hazards due to the high Levels of these chemicals, such as toxicity and also carcinogenic effect developed due to the formation of nitroso compounds originated from nitrite sources, an investigation was employed on the level of these two preservatives in meat products, sold and consumed in Tehran. In order to assessment for setting up the standards and measuring nitrite residues, 118 samples of meat products (sausages) produced by factories in Iran, were selected via haphazardly sampling and the nitrite residues were analyzed in all samples by spectophotometric method. The results of the experiments on the different types and brands of meat products indicated that level of nitrite residues were between 1-18 ppm, and according to one way analysis of variance differences between the means of nitrite residues in sausages with different meat content were not significant between the values of them. In addition there were not significant differences between the value of different types of sausages .This survey showed that nitrite residues on the different types and brand of meat products (sausages) are up to 60ppm in some cases (7.7%), which indicate the high level of nitrite residues.

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum)is one of the most important and economical fish of the south shores of the caspian sea.Each year millions of artificially propagated larvaes of this fish are released to the Caspian sea for restoration purpose. In this research we studied the role of rotifers being fed to larvaes and their effect on survival, in comparison with larvaes which were fed by concentrated food on a common method in hatcheries. The experiments at first were accomplished in two treatments (rotifer feeding and concentrated feeding) and each one had three repetitions (each repetitions by 1100 pieces larvae which weighted 5 mg). The result proved that %27.5 of the larvaes fed by concentrated food died after 26 days and %46.6 of them died after 40 days. the rate of loss in the group which were fed by rotifer in comparison with the first group (larvaes fed by concentrated food) was ignorable, so that the rate of loss stood at %6.6 in 30 days and %7 within 40 days. it means we had %0.4 loss in 10 days. The average of larvaes weight and length was estimated respectively 140 mg and 24.5 mm (in group by rotifer feeding) and 26 mg and 12.5 mm (in group by concentrated feeding) after 26 days. Although the results showed that in natural pools of Rasht (animal husbandry) the average of larvaes weight and length was 180mg and 27mm.The final achievement showed that within 40 days the average weight and length of larvaes fed by rotifer stood as 440 mg and 31.36 mm and those fed by concentrated food as 17.2 mg and14.75 mm. These findings in comparison with weight and length of larvaes in pools (342.8 mg and 31mm) showed that generally feeding by rotifer is more effective in larvaes growth. it is worth to consider that the fish larvaes fed by rotifer survived noticeably more than the fish larvaes fed by concentrated food.

Cryptosporidium is a small parasite living in the epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and the urinary systems of vertebrates. In this study by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the trachea and the bursa of fabricius of broiler chickens experimentally infected by C. bailey were examined. Tissue samples from the trachea and the bursa of fabricius were fixed in 3% gluteraldehyde, post-fixed in ascending concentration of ethanol and critical-point dried, mounted on aluminum stubs, coated with carbon and examined under SEM. All mocusal surfaces of the bursa were affected and very dense population of the parasite was observed on the epithelium. However less concentration of the parasite was observed on the tracheal epithelium. The mucocilliary apparatus was no longer visible.

In this study 120 samples of 3 types of Iranian commercial hamburgers (with meat contents of 40%, 60% and 70%) from 4 manufactures were analyzed for hydroxyproline, collagen contents and collagen contents as connective tissue in total protein. Mean hydroxyproline, collagen contents and collagen proportion to total protein of Iranian commercial hamburgers was: Hamburgers with meat contents of 40%, 0.30; 2.43; 22.4 respectively. Hamburgers with meat contents of 60%, 0.33, 2.56, 21.1 respectively. And hamburgers with meat contents of 70%, 0.38, 3.06, 23.7 respectively that was high than what has been established by standard authorities indicating lower quality of these products.

Osteopath cells were cultured on media (N = 60) containing polished titanium plates deposited with ca2+.The plates in the control group (n = 60) were not deposited with Ca2+. Following 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days of incubation (CO2, 37ºC), the cells were detached from the plates, the plate surfaces were coated with gold and studied with SEM. Collagen fibers could be observed only on Ca2+ deposited plates from day 3 onward. The production of the fibers were time dependently increasing to day 15, hence it was not possible to detach the cells from the plates following 7 days of incubation. It is concluded that Ca2+ is essential for collagen binding to titanium surface and this may be used in surgical implantation of titanium in orthopedics, odontology and cranio-maxillo facial.

The experiment was carried out on 45 neonatal dairy calves (Holstein) divided into three groups and treated differently during the first two days of life according to method of colostrum administration. Treatments were: Single box and no contact with the dam. Colostrum was administrated via nipple bottle at the rate of 2.5 lit every 12 hours for 48 hours (group 1), cow and calf together in a maternity pen and colostrum administrated primarily by nipple bottle at a rate of 2.5 lit one time and then by free suckling until 48 hours of age (group 2), and cow and calf together and free suckling for 48 hours with primary help for starting of suckling as soon as possible (group 3).Sampling was conducted from jugular vein of calves at 48 hours post partum and blood was transferred to plane tube. Serum was harvested by centrifugation and the levels of serum total protein, Bglobulin and y globulin were measured by Biuret colorimetric method and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Highest levels of serum total protein, Bglobulin and y globulin were measured in group 1. Lower amounts of serum total protein, Bglobulin and y globulin were measured in groups 3, 2 and 3, respectively. Significant differences were seen between groups for the serum total protein and y globulin levels (p<0.05). Duncan test suggested significant differences between groups 1 with 2 and groups 1 with 3 for serum total protein and also groups 1 with 3 for y globulin levels (p< 0.05).

In order to determination of epiphytes and grazers in Gracicaria corticata cultivation in fiber glass tanks three treatment was chosen (500, 1000 and 2000gr/m2) and this survey was doneat during Winter 2001 to Autumn 2002. Instudy maximum and minimum of epiphytes had showed in Winter, Summer and Spring and Autumn respectively. Navicula, Nitzschia, Thalassiosira, Enteromoropha and Viva are common epiphytes that observed in Winter and Oscillatoria and Peridinium were other groups which observed in Summer density and diversity of epiphytes in Summer and Autumn was showed groups of Navicula and Nitzschia (Spring) and Chatoceros (Autumn). In study some grazer so Isopoda, Amphipoda, Small crabs, Nemertin and Nereis recognaized showed those density was high in Winter and Summer. In survey density higher of Gracilaria corticata have most epiphytes than others.

Beta-adrenergic agonists have been shown to decrease fat contents of the sheep carcass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of metaproterenol (a beta-adrenergic-agonists) on adipose tissue cellularity, hormones and metabolites of ewes. Forty-five Moghani ewes were allocated to five treatments (groups) in a complete randomized design for three months. In the first month, ration (12.14 MJ/kg.DM) was similar for four groups and the fifth group was fed with low energy ration (10.71 MJ/kg.DM). After 30 days, metaproterenol was added to the ration each one with three levels of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. DM. Blood samples were collected on 30th, 60th and 90th days for determination of insulin, T4 triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Adipose tissue samples of fat-tail were obtained after slaughtering the animals. Metaproterenol and low energy ration resulted in lower adipocyte mean diameter (p<0.01). Plasma insulin concentration was lower for ewes receiving the low dose of metaproterenol (5 mg/kg.DM). In the second month, T4 concentration was increased by middle dose (10 mg/kg.DM) of beta-agonist but in the next month this effect disappeared (p<0.05). Metaproterenol and low energy diet had significant effect on plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL concentration. The results indicated that metaproterenol had significant effect on lipid metabolism of Moghani ewes and it reduced the lipid content of the fat-tail.