Year:2004 | Volume:17 | Issue:3 (64 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:20

Use of selection in breeding flocks is one of the most efficient way to reduce the carcass fat content of ruminants. The depth of soft tissue over 12th rib, 13 cm from the dorsal midline in Live Moghani and Makui (including 200 male and female lambs 12±1 months of age) were measured using ultrasonic instrument and 22 gauge hypodermic needle. The height at wither, body lenght, heart girth, hip-bones distance and body diagonallenght were measured. All animals were slaughtred and carcass cut into joints and dissected. Physical carcass constituents (lean meat, subcutaneous fat, intramascular fat, total fat and fat-tail) and chemical compositions of soft tissue (protein, ether extract, ash and humidity) were measured. Breed and sex of the animals had a significant effect on physical constituents (p<0.01) but no significant effect on chemical compositions was detected. Breed of lambs had significant effect on most of the live animal body measurements. Moghani breed showed higher values in most of these traits than Makui. In each breed, sex had significant effect on body measurements (except hip-bones distance). Female lambs had thicker soft tissue depth than the male lambs. The physical compositions of carcass was affected (p<0.05) by breed except intramuscular fat and bone. Makui sheep had higher lean meat percentage than Moghani, but dressing percent, total fat percent and fat-tail percent were higher (p<0.05) in Moghani sheep. Fat-tail percentage in male lambs were higher (P<0.05) than females in both breeds. Moghani breed had higher protein and chemical fat percentages than Makui, but lower humidity and ash percentages. Lamb sex did not effect protein, chemical fat and ash percentages. There was a wide range of total carcass fat percent. By evaluating live animals, would select the parents with lower fat percent and affect the carcass components of offspring's.

In order to evaluation of genetic variation of six Iranian goat breeds including: Markhoz (MR), Korki of South Khorasan (KK), Black Lori (BL), Najdi (NJ) and Tali (TL), blood sample were collected from spreading location of these breeds. DNA extraction was done by modified Salting- Out method (Miller, 1988). Polymorphims were surveyed for 16 RAPD primers and 10 primers were selected for high polymorphism among all of breeds RAPD-PCR were done on 20 individuals per breeds. The length of PCR products were varied from 220bp to 231Obp. The percent of polymorphism were obtained 53/9%. On the base of polymorphic bands, The highest and lowest genetic distance was obtained for Black Lori and Korki of Khorasan (0.237) and Tali and Korki of Raeini (0.081), respectively. The Phylogenetic tree was reconstracted on Neighbor-Joining method and showed two main separated groups, including: Korki of South Khorasan , Tali , Korki of Raeini and Najdi together and Black Lori and Markhoz . This research was showed that RAPD technic is an useful tool for evaluation of genetic variation among of domesticated animals.

In order to study the effect of two different types of natural zeolite included in broilers diet on the blood biochemical parameters, relative weights of the intemal organs and their production potential, a research was conducted in a completely randomized design using 2*4 factorial arrangement, consisting of eight treatments each in four replicates. The total numbers of chicks used in this experiment was 640 commercial hybrids of Arboe Acers and 20-day-old chicks of mixed sex were allotted to each replication. The experimental rations of the three rearing phasese (starter, grower and finisher) was prepared using the two types of natural zeolites (Clinoptilolite, and Heulandite) in the different levels (0,2,4 and 6 percent). The metabolizable energy, protein and the other nutrient content of these rations were similar. The biochemical factors of blood including glucos, cholesterol, tricylceried, calcium, phosphorus, protein, albumin, cratinine and enzymatic activities of aspartat trasaminase (AST) and alkalin phosphatase (ALP) were measured at 21, 24 and 49 days of ege. The relative weight of the organs (proventriculus, gizzard, liver, heart, spleen and kidneys) in the above ages and the characteristics including weight, feed intake, feed convertion ratio were measured weekly and at the end of each rearing period. In order to study the economical effect of the experimental rations at the end of 3, 6, 7 and 8 th weeks of experiment the feed expenditure for one kg weight and production index in various treatment were calculated and compared with each other. The results of statistical analysis of data obtained indicated that there was no significant effect of types of zeolite on the broilers blood biochemical parameters. whereas the amount of glucose, protein content and the enzymatic activity of AST and ALP were effected by the zeolite levels. By increased the level of zeolite the glucose content decreased (p<0.05) but the protein content of blood increased significantly (p<0.01). The effects of zeolite type on relative weight of body organs in two sexes were different. Proventriculus relative weight (p<0.05), liver, spleen and kidneys relative weight (p<0.01) in male sex decreased by clinoptilolite Zeolite type had not significant effect on relative weight of all organs except gizzard that was significant at (p<0/01). Effect of zeolite level on spleen relative weight (p<0.01) and kidneys (p<0.05) in female were significant. In all rearing period two type of zeolite had no significant effect on broilers performance, but zeolite level in all steps had significant effect on weight gain and in 21, 42 and 49 days had significant effect on feed intake. Weight gain in all period had increased by increasing the level of zeolite in experimental diets. Zeolite type had no significant effect on production index but zeolite levels in all period had significant effect on production index and in 49 and 56 days production index in all diet with zeolite were higher than control groups.

100 soil and 86 fecal samples from Mazandaran, with a humid and moderate climatic condition, and 50 soil and 50 fecal samples from Garmsar with dry and higher temperature in most months of were studied for presence of nematophagous fungi. Three isolates of nematophagous fungi were successfully collected and purified. Then for study of nematophagous activities of these fungi, different concentration of conidia from any fungus were added to one gram of feaces (EPG=70) and all of the samples were incubated at 25-27°C  for 8 days (for formation of third stage larvae). Then trapped larvae were calculated. In vitro examinations of these isolates revealed them to have good nematophagous fungi activity and reduction in third stage larvae by addition of (8000 to 100000) conidia were: Isolate 1(72.1% - 96.65%), Isolate 19 (55.69% - 99.64%) and Isolate 49 (63.27%- 94.46%). Statistically these findings were significant in comparison with control group (p<0.001).

In this research screening ford terminating, the power of antimicrobial for 230 streptomyces that was isolated from various soil samples of Iran were studied. The method of diffusion assay was used in the present investigation. The samples were introduced in holes of the petri dishes containing nutrient agar. The agar was seeded with Bacillus cereus (ATCC: 11778), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 29737), Micrococcus leuteus (ATCC: 9341), Saccharomyces cervisiae (ATCC:9763), Escherichia coli (ATCC:10536) The diameter of the zone of no growth was measured. Among 230 screened streptomycin from different soil samples, 16strains produced antibacterial substance and showed antagonistic activity against Grampositive and Gram- negative bacteria. Six of the strains which had maximum antibiotic activity were obtined from strains coded 71, 7g, 82, 4b, 1b, 5b. These strains showed higher inhibition zones on agar diffusion assay which was more than 1.5 cm. The yield of antibiotic production of the strain 71 was higher. This strain was selected for purification and exterminating antimicrobial characteristics.  

Study on coccidiocidal effect of different dilutions alcoholic essence of artemisia on sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts showed different effects. So that, maximum and minimum coccidiocidal rate of essence were observed in original and 1/10. It was showed a linear relationship between coccidiocidal effect of essence and non-sporulated oocysts that were exposed by original dilution (E (y/x) = 0.346957+0.905x, r =97%). Inoculation of sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts and pre patent period indicated that oocysts shading began on ninth day of infection as usual.Moreover, In vivo experiment showed that essence could not affect sporozoite within oocyst.

In order to study the biological parameters and reproduction characteristics of Portunus pelagicus (Blue swimming crab) in the Persian Gulf covering Hormuzgan province waters, a series of research samplings were carried out during 13 months in 2002. The samples were collected by different methods, namely with presence on research and fishing trawlers, dhows and also collecting from stake-nets. The sex ratio was estimated as M : F = 0.47 : 0.53 .On the other hand the sex maturity stages were studied monthly and the most abundance of 5th (v) maturity stage was found on March, hence it could be concluded that the sawning of this species occures in winter with the peak on March. The smallest mature female crab was found at 9.2 cm carapce width and 50% of female crabs with 9.4 cm carapace width were mature.

The right middside wool samples were collected from male Baluchi sheep and 198 wool samples selected for determining of staple length, fiber Hauteur and Barbe length, fiber diameter and coefficient of varision of fiber diameter, tenacity and breaking force. The Pearson correlation factors obtained by using SAS software package Averaga staple length, Fiber Hauteur and Barbe length, mean fiber diameter and coefficient of varision of fiber diameter, tenacity and breaking force were 6.95±0.07cm, 28.07±2mm, 42.49±3mm, 27.89±1.9mu, 39.86±2.8%.,4.41±0.3 grf/tex and 3.44±0.24 kg fres. Correlation between staple length with fiber Barbe length coefficient of version of fiber length , tenacity and breaking Load were p<0.0001 positive Fiber Barbe length had significantly p<0.001 positive with mean diameter and tenacity (r=0.3 and r = 0.36) rep. Tenacity had negative correlated p<0.003 with coefficient of version of fiber diameter(r = -0.26) but there was not significantly correlation between mean fiber diameter with tenacity.

In this study, lamb fleece weight (LFW) and body weight at the first shearing wool (BWS) on 2709 of Lori- Bakhtiari lambs were used to evaluation of performance and estimate of (co) variance components and genetic parameters. (Co) Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated by Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood with univariate and bivariate animal model. Means and Standard deviation of LFW and BWS were 851.35±26gr and 37.03±7.84kg, respectively. Shearing wool year had a highly significant effect on the traits (p<0/001). The effect of age of dam on LFW and BWS traits were highly significant. Fleece weight and BWS lambs born to 2-year-old ewe compared with lamb, s born to 3 to 6-year-old were significantly lighter. The male lambs were higher than the female lambs for LFW (148.82 gr) and BWS (7.78 kg). Fleece weight and BWS of single lambs born were significantly higher than lambs born twin. Estimation of direct and maternal genetic components with multivariate analysis for LFW and BWS were 0.008, 0.002 and 3.02, 3.10 respectively. Estimation of direct and maternal heritability’s of LFW and BWS were 0.19±0.04 and 0.10±0.04, 0.05±0.02 and 0.11±0.02, respectively. Genetic and residual correlations between LFW and BWS were 0.11±0.02 and 0.57±0.02, respectively. 

In this study twenty skulls from camel, cow, sheep and goat (each of them five skulls) from Shahrekord and Najafabad abattoirs were collected. After preparing the skulls, the middle ear bones (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) were removed. They were compared from factors like total appearance size and weight. we concluded that, in camel the weight of malleus was more than other animals and in cow the total length of mallets was longer than the others. The other factors of malleus such as lateral process very well developed, in contra wise the rostral process was a little process. By comparing the incus and stapes between animals to be determined the weight of incus between camel and cow is same but the wide of trunk in camel was more than other animals. In camel the dimensions of stapes was longer than other animals. By using statistical analyzing of Duncan's test (P<0.05), there was significant difference between animals. The other part of middle ear such as muscles, location and relation of it, between these animals studied and were similar.

Artemia urmiana hatched in the laboratory condition were reared in small glass aquariums for 20 days with Chaetocerus sp. and marine Chlorella sp. The other cultur condition such as temperature, salinity and pH were same for all treatments and replicates. According to one-way variance analysis, there were significant difference in the mean growth rate among the treatment s of each group of artemia (p<0.05), but there were not significant difference in the survival percentages (p=0.432 1). The average survival percentages and mean length of artemia fed on Chaetocerus sp. Were 95%, 97%, 93%, 94% and 7.77, 7.76, 8.01, 7.87; and for the artemia fed on Chlorella sp. Were 82%, 80%, 77%, 85% and 7.06, 7.66, 7.53, 6.83 respectively.

In this study 26 apparently healtl1y dromedary camels were selected and blood samples were obtained. Samples of tissues (Liver, heart, muscle, spleen and hair) were taken respectively at slaughter. Level of manganese in serum and tissues were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that the mean level of manganese in hair is significantly higher than in other tissues (p<0.05). Mean concentration of manganese in kidney was significantly higher than in spleen, muscle, serum and heart (p<0.05). Mean concentration of the trace metal in liver was significantly higher than in spleen, kidney, muscle, serum and heart (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the manganese concentrations of different tissues in male and female dromedary camels of Yazd province. Although most correlation coefficients between different manganese compartments were no significant, a low significant correlation between manganese concentrations of heart and muscle (r=0.35, p<0.05) was reported.

An experiment under complete randomized design was' carried out by allotting 300 HY-line layers at 32 weeks old. The birds were divided into five treatments and four replicates (15 birds in each) under 20 experimental groups. The experimental diets were prepared by incorporating different levels of oil extracted propolis (0.0 , 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / kg of feed). The birds were fed with feed and water ad lib with is nitrogenous and isocaloric diets for 12 weeks. As results indicated that, inclusions of oil extract propels at various levels in diets, had significant effect on performance (p<0.01). Higher feed intake was observed in treatment five (40mg/ kg of feed) vs, to treatment one (no propolis in diets) 121.9 vs 119.7g respectively. The improved feed efficiency was shown in treatment five as a comparison to treatment one 2.2 vs 2.4 respectively and differences were significant (p<0.01). More egg production was recorded in treatment five and less in treatment one, 89.1 vs 59.4 respectively. Egg mass also was affected by inclusions of oil extract propolis at different levels in diets as compared to control groups significantly (p<0.01). High egg mass was observed in treatment five and low in treatment one 55.9 vs 51.8. Increased weight of burs fabricious gland also were observed in treatment five as compared to treatment one 4.4 vs 2.6 g and differences were significant (p<0.01). More antibody titrations against Newcastle disease were observed in treatment five as compared to treatment one 8.9 vs 5.9 and differences were significant (p<0.01).

The terrapins of the northern part of Iran belonging to the family Emydidae have two species named European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis and Caspian pond turtle, Mauremys caspica caspica .In this study, 89 specimens were collected between 1999-2001 from 22 sampling stations in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, were biologically studied in terms of their morphology, morphometery, feeding, reproduction, behaviour, karyology and parasitology. Most of samples were captured in hot days of spring and summer. Male and female are distinguishable specially on the basis of iris color that is red in male and yellow in female. They arc carnivorous and lay almost 7 eggs every year. Males are ruder than females. The somatic chromosome numbers were determined 2n = 26. Turtle leech, Haementeria costata belonging to the order Rhyncobdellida was identified in some samples. Statistical results show that %91 of males and females are different in measured traits. Comparison between TL1 (base of tail length) and TL2 (tail length) shows that I anus position is different in males and females. In this study, sexual ratio (Male/ Female) is 1/4.5.