ARMANSHAHR
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:29 |Papers Count:19

Before Qajar era, the vernacular architecture was widely used in Gilan with totally climatic approach. Current methods were completely changed by the arrival of Qajar architecture, which was a combination of imported architecture and previous architectural style. It is important to say that the Iranian architect tries to find local elements in the process of building and so it helped him to persist Gilan’ s vernacular climatic architecture approach. In the other words, how and to what extent did vernacular climatic approaches and imported elements affect the process of building and building itself? The main question of this research is as the following: Was the combination of the patterns in conformity with residents’ needs? This issue is very important especially in the process of documentation of historical buildings, which indicates the necessity of keeping ancient and valuable architectural works as well as its conformity with the current architecture of the region to achieve sustainable patterns in construction. One of the most important findings of the current research is the combination of the two climatic and stylistic approaches in the architecture of Sadeqi’ s House. Studying the architectural elements in this building show that instead of being completely influenced by a type of architecture including numerous signs of richness and pride, combination of Gilan’ s climatic architecture and the imported architecture was used in this building.

Reference frames (or frames of reference) show how the knowledge of object organization is formed in the environment by the physical movement of the person or the environmental conditions where the representation takes place. This paper examines the formation of reference frames in memory to represent the spatial structure of large-scale outdoor environments, due to the lack of consideration in the research background, the lack of attention to the scale of the formation of reference frames, and the lack of ecological validity in other studies. For this purpose, two types of tests are used in this paper to change the scale of the environment as well as pointing targets. In one test, familiar and unfamiliar participants are introduced to the positions of the three building triads, by walking the path that encompasses each group. Then, maps are presented to them along with the representation of these three groups in five different directions (0-180 degrees), and they judge whether each triple group is correctly represented based on the relative positions of the buildings. In another test, participants are introduced to the position of eight unknown objects in a pedestrian-oriented environment, moving in two pre-programmed and inscribed paths (one path aligned with the sidewalk and the other misaligned, at a 45-degree angle). Then, participants use their memory, pointing to objects as targets. In both tests, the dependent research variables are the pointing accuracy and the latency in responding to the examiners’ questions. The results show that the positions of unfamiliar buildings are subjectively represented as egocentric reference frames. The allocentric frame of reference is defined by the environment when the environment is familiar, and the representation also tends to allocentric, as humans become familiar with the environment. On the other hand, object positions are subjectively represented in regular environments and distinctive by the geocentric frame, but are selected based on egocentric experience.

Choosing the optimal teaching method appropriate to the purpose and field of the subject is one of the issues that have been discussed by many researchers of various fields over the past few decades. Critical pedagogy is one of the most learner-centered teaching method, according to which the relationship between the professor and students is not made based on the one-sided transfer of information, but also on changes in the power-sharing and the mutual exchange of information. Consistency of this problem-based teaching method with the essence of learning environments of architectural workshops made it possible to apply this teaching method in master’ s architectural design course (1). Accordingly, the present study aims to evaluate students’ intrinsic motivation under the circumstances of the critical education method. To this end, 24 graduate students of Islamic Azad University of Gorgan attending the architectural design course (1) are chosen as samples. The research hypothesis is that the critical pedagogy significantly affects the internal motivation of architectural students attending the design courses. This study is descriptive research carried out using inferential statistics. To compare the effectiveness of the two conventional teaching method and critical pedagogy on students’ intrinsic motivation, Deci & Ryan’ s learning climate questionnaire is used. This questionnaire is based on Deci and Ryan’ s “ Self-Determination Theory” , which knows the three criteria of “ autonomy” , “ competence” and “ relatedness” necessary in the development of intrinsic motivation. Moreover, the research conceptual model is designed and developed based on these criteria. Then, the data are analyzed using independent sample t-test and SPSS software. The results showed that the critical pedagogy produced a higher level of intrinsic motivation in students than the conventional teacher-centered educational method.

In this paper, it is tried to state the problem of representation and architectural representation through its procedure for gradual creation in architecture and then according to scholars and to obtain the effect of this concept in the process of architectural facts the concepts are presented. Then, it is referred to its definitions is also provided from the perspective of semiotics. In addition through a deductive view aiming to clarify the fundamental differences between types of architectural representation in Architecture history, three fundamental roles in the architectural representation as mimesis and imitation, architectural representation as abstraction and architectural representation as simulation are described and examples are cited for each of them. In the end, because using Umberto Eco's theory in this paper and his semiotic perspective to Architecture, by a qualitative methodology and with an interpretive approach in architectural codes, the comparative tables are provided, and to clarify the relationship between the Architectural representation and Architectural codes. In conclusion these comparative tables are separately classified in three groups of new meanings, so a variety of architectural representation roles according to Eco's semiotic perspective in diverse historical periods in architecture are explained until finally the Architectural representation that is considered in three new groups in Eco's theory, as a result of this research abtained.

Display of artwork is the primary function of the museums of artworks and the ability to see and enjoy visiting the museum is their sublime function. Accordingly, using light, as one of the basic elements of visual perception, is one of the ways to enhance the function of the museum and make space enjoyable for humans. Therefore, studying how to use ergonomic lighting (as human-centered knowledge) in the form of natural-solar lighting systems as the most complete spectrum of light can be an effective step in improving the function of museums of artworks1. The main hypothesis of the present study is that ergonomics can be applied in the lighting of museums of artwork and it is also attempted to answer an applied question: how are ergonomic natural-solar lighting systems designed for these museums? The present study is qualitative-applied research in which basic studies are carried out through library research and the data are processed using content analysis. Moreover, the SWOT technique is used to more precisely examine the components discussed in the research literature section, and the related software is used to study the principles of ergonomic lighting to scrutinize the results in the findings section. Top natural lighting systems are more suitable for lighting in the museums of artworks than side lighting. A closer examination of natural lighting systems widely used in museums shows that the photovoltaic systems are the most appropriate ones for natural lighting in the museum, followed by light shield, light pipe, and light shelf. The satisfaction of visual indicators of ergonomic lighting based on the high-quality natural light provides the desirable lighting in the museums. Combining photovoltaic shades with light shields can optimally distribute the light while controlling glare, luminance, shading, and contrast in museums of artworks. In the process, it is appropriate to consider side lighting systems to provide a visual connection between the interior and exterior spaces as well as to landscape the space in the museum.

Every phenomenon in the world has multiple levels of meaning, from shape or external appearance, to semantic, moral or spiritual features. Recognizing and understanding these levels depends on peoples’ ideology. In the design discipline, buildings have also levels of meaning, since architectural forms indicate shapes and express meanings in various levels. Accordingly it is an important point for designers to gain an understanding of different ways to express meanings. Allegory is one the different ways to express meanings in disciplines such as literature and art. This article aims to explain the role of allegory and its applications in architecture. Thereupon allegories' characteristics in different fields were reviewed to fill the theoretical and epistemological gap of its applications in architecture by means of a comparative study. It is useful to create meaningful architectural forms and understand the hidden meanings in the existing buildings. This research, is a comparative study of the application of allegory in literature, art and architecture which is done in descriptive, analytical method and has a qualitative approach. This study attempts to answer the main question ’ how is the role and application of the allegory’ ? Results indicate that allegory, as one of the most important expressing ways, plays an important role in the reception and perception of meaning at its various levels. It occurs by making deep mental concepts, more tangible and objective. In art and architecture with the use of allegory, intellectual and mental images of concepts are created in the mind of the audience by the use of objective images. These images make long lasting effect in mind. The results also show that the most important allegories used in Iranian architecture, show the unity and express the monotheism, as the highest level of truth and meaning, by using of different physical and functional forms.

Due to the emerging between Iranian-Islamic culture and modernization, in recent years, question was always proposed: what is the position of our indigenous culture and Islamic values and architecture and urbanism which are the clear examples of these values, and how should they be? Meanwhile, the role of facades are part of cityscape, which convey the cultural meanings and identify cityscape and the role of Islamic ornamentation, which was an absolute part of the cities, is so important. This paper is to fulfill the aim by descriptive-analytical – historic research method based on reading document and sources as well as analyzing them, consider the position of Islamic ornamentation urban facade with adaptive-comparative method and their role in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. Meanwhile, Bala and Paein khhiaban urban facades were considered in terms of color, material, ornamentations and the palace of them, and their role in the Islamic culture factors including theological, social life and indigenous values in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. The results show that all the faç ade are two-story with smooth and even skyline in terms of geometrical ornamentation moarragh tile and moaghelli with break work on top of the faç ade and this ornamentations play a noticeable role in Islamic culture values in city scape and city faç ade. This paper is to fulfill the aim by descriptive-analytical – historic research method based on reading document and sources as well as analyzing them, consider the position of Islamic ornamentation urban facade with adaptive-comparative method and their role in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity. Meanwhile, Bala and Paein khhiaban urban facades were considered in terms of color, material, ornamentations and the palace of them, and their role in the Islamic culture factors including theological, social life and indigenous values in fortifying Iranian Islamic identity.

Growing productivity and interaction between employees are of the most important goals discussed in the office design phase. Most of the studies regarding the relationship between office space and productivity are concerned with physical conditions in the workplace. But, when examining the factors affecting office productivity, the variables that represent both the physical environment and the behavioral environment should be considered. Studies have shown that improving physical (layout and comfort) and behavioral (interaction and focus) conditions of the workplace increase productivity. The most important aim of this study is to understand the relationship between these variables through a questionnaire to more closely examine the effect of environmental factors on productivity in office spaces. The effects of gender, education, and job position are also investigated in the study of the effect of these variables on productivity. The questionnaire consists of four main sections: “ personal information and general information on the workplace” , “ working patterns” , “ design variables” and “ perceived productivity” . Based on the obtained data, collected from 384 respondents from 10 IT companies, four variables of focus, comfort, interaction, and layout are the most important design factors affecting staff productivity in office space, respectively. Data analysis showed that comfort and interaction were more effective for women than men. It was also found that the academic degree of the staff influences the effectiveness of design variables on their productivity, while their job status does not.

The architectural education, like other disciplines, has undergone various changes and revisions many times after its inception, and, the views of decision makers of this field have had a very effective role in this process because of their impact on the process of shaping educational systems and environments. In various educational systems, there have always been some ambiguous points about the time duration needed to complete the courses, the basis for selecting the courses offered, and the type of skills taught. In the article ahead, it is attempted to provide an optimal model and coherent strategy for educating architecture by investigating the characteristic of various educational systems at international and national levels, whereby the artichecture students benefit from effective and purposeful education. Accordingly, by adopting the correlation method, in a dependent way combined with a causal and systematic approach, architecture education is considered as a system, that can be investigated and analyzed through the general systems theory. At the end, the analysis of skills priority indicate that “ flexibility” is recognized as the most specific characteristic of the description of the architecture courses in the world. This issue, that is applicable in two areas: “ flexibility in elective courses” and “ flexibility in the subject of architectural design courses” , is based on the way students are evaluated and select courses, depending on their talents. The obtained results indicate that this issue has been neglected in the Iran’ s architectural education system.

Nowadays, there are few suitable urban places for people in our cities. The main aim of this study is to create and shape urban places which are neglected due to less attention to urban domains as well as less attention to promoting environmental quality, communications, urban movements, etc. This research conducted based on a theoretical framework for explanation, redefinition and introduction of place shaping (as a new concept) with emphasis to review of literature. Then, by the use of field studies regarding Gonbad-e Kavus reached to population and sampling. It has been provided a questionnaire as an instrument to collect data and to reach shaping of unused and abandoned spaces in Gonbad-e Kavus. For data analysis used SPSS software and it has been evaluating specific criteria in regard with research topic. These data analyzed in two sections: descriptive findings (demographic characteristics) and analytical findings (tests: Kolmogorov / Smirnov, binomial, Friedman & T) to evaluate the distribution of quantitative variables and identify and prioritize the factors affecting the formation of urban places. The results show in Gonbad-e Kavus in most study sites, residents of the path of movement (walls, sidewalks and green space), as well as lack of suitable street furniture and finally the possibilities for fun and spending their time are faced with a problem. It is better use of urban furniture elements with lighting and use of materials to be used in accordance with the environment in urban space. Finally, in conclusions, practical suggestions are provided on each site.

This study was done to evaluate the effect of physical architecture components on the treatment of autism disorder in children aged 4 to 10 years old. Using a semi-experimental design, 24 participants were selected from people referring to West Azarbaijan Welfare Center in Urmia city and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (n=12 in each group). At first, each group was given a pre-test by Conners Questionnaire, Parent Form, and after making changes to the physical environment of the experimental group’ s home and learning environment and making recommendations in this regard by their parents and caregivers, post-test was taken from both groups after 6 weeks and the results were analyzed by covariance analysis using spss18 software. The research findings showed that natural light, audio and visual connection to the outdoors, a view of nature from the child’ s bedroom window, the the pink and purple color spectrum, enough space for physical activity, encouraging the child to do their outdoor activities and homework as well as targeted games in the natural and green outdoors, the presence of small plants and shrubs in the courtyard and the ability of the child to interact with them can significantly reduce the severity of ADS symptoms. Regarding the significant difference between these experimental and control groups, it can be concluded that proper design of housing and educational facilities and attention to the quality of spaces may help to reduce the symptoms of autism in children.

Energy saving is one of the most important challenges of today's world. In recent years, increasing concern about the environmental consequences of energy consumption and global warming has doubled the importance of this issue. In our country, the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption. The building plays as the main intermediary between the outside and inside of the essential role in controlling the environmental conditions and providing comfort to the inhabitants of the building. This research investigates thermal behavior of external walls of buildings in Mashhad city. The research method was combined in this research and was identified by field studies of the common external walls in Mashhad buildings and simulated in the design of the Billboard software, and have been investigated in terms of energy consumption, as well as a number of new external walls Which are limited to the implementation of them in Mashhad, have been investigated in terms of thermal performance in the Designer Billboard software. The results show that the weakest wall in terms of thermal response between the exterior walls in the city of Mashhad HCB1 and the optimal wall in terms of energy saving and the appropriate thermal response A2, which uses this wall at 50% load The total and 73% are saved in wall losses, although the L2 wall performs better in the cold seasons, and prevents the outflow of heat inside the admittacne because of the energy required to provide the heating of the building. It is less than the rest of the walls, as well as the implementation of the dry facade system of each wall, which is observed by executing The dry faç ade of the total load and the heat dissipation of the wall are reduced.

In recent years, the growth of commercial tourism is observed, which demands the provision of environmental sub-structures specially the development of commercial hotels. However, in current hotels’ architecture, less attention has been paid to the Iranian identity in taking the attraction of tourists. On the other hand, traditional Iranian architecture, as one of the most valuable world cultural heritage has the ability to be considered in designing commercial hotels so that it may lead to the increase of tourists’ presence as well as economic and cultural interactions. This research aimed at introducing physical values of Iranian architecture to create identity in commercial hotels’ environment. Quantitative method was utilized in this study so that at first, to find physical values of Iranian architecture, valid researches in this field were studied. Later on, having cooperated with five experts in terms of Iranian architecture, a questionnaire was designed in five parts (application, urban fabric, color combination, materials and historical periods), which had 29 items and its Cronbach alpha was 0. 86. Since there was no exact data regarding the statistical population, to determine the sample volume, unknown community method was used. Moreover, to measure the attitudes of foreign tourists residing in the hotels of Tehran, 201 questionnaires were distributed and they were analyzed using SPSS software. The analysis of the results of research indicated that geometric designs (that have been used in materials and roof coatings), sense of place and color, were respectively, among identity creating values of Iranian architecture according to foreign tourists. Furthermore, tourists were more inclined toward colorful spaces with geometric designs as well as physical features of historical periods including Qajar, Safavid and Achaemenid dynasties. Therefore, exploiting physical values selected by foreign tourists can be considered in designing commercial hotels’ environment.

Due to the various courses prerequisite for architectural design education, lack of coordination amongst professors and their arbitrary choosing of exercises, architectural education faces various problems, resulting in students’ demotivation. Motivation is one of the most-talked-about concepts in educational issues. One of the important reasons attributed to problems such as academic failure is the learner’ s motivation. Because of changing the academic level from the continuous Master’ s degree to the continuous Bachelor’ s degree in 1999 in Iran, architecture education has been changed and the “ Composition” course was divided into courses such as practical geometry, perception and presentation of environment and building materials workshop. The present study aims to investigate the impact of studio-based teaching methods (integrated and disintegrated) on the architecture students’ academic motivation. In this study, a combination method was applied as follows: in the practical geometry course, it is considered how to draw the plan and cross-section of the two-way staircase. The statistical population consists of two groups of 18 first semester students of Islamic Azad University (Urmia branch). The quantitative data are collected using Valrand Students’ Academic Motivation Questionnaire. Qualitative data are collected through observation of students’ works and the qualitative data through observing students’ works and interviewing with architecture students and professors of architecture. The quantitative data analysis is performed using independent-sample T-test and qualitative data analysis based on the grounded theory and finally, a kind of meta-deduction is obtained. The results show that teaching basic courses such as practical geometry in the field of architecture using an integrated method increases architecture students’ interest, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and thus improves the quality of education.

In developed societies, citizens are fully involved in the administration of city affairs considering the definition of the concept of citizenship. In such societies, public spaces and buildings have a fundamental character in the development of social relations and citizen participation due to the existence of NGOs and the expansion of urban democracy. As one of the most citizen-oriented public buildings in the world, the city hall has a high status; it is a place to carry out all of the social affairs of a city and is considered a symbolic home for citizens. One of the most important features of the city hall is its sociopetality to all classes and social groups. This study aims to identify the sociopetality components of the city hall. This research assumes that the presence of a city hall in Ardabil will increase the level of citizen participation and thus the sociopetality of Ardabil. In this regard, a question arises: what are the sociopetality components of a city hall? To meet the stated purpose, the concept of city hall, public spaces, sociopetality, physical and public qualities of sociopetal(oid) spaces, and then the project context are studied first. Physical, activity and semantic-perceptual components have been formulated based on studies. A questionnaire was designed based on the obtained components. The results of the questionnaire were obtained using SPSS to measure the components and to answer the research hypothesis and questions. According to the results, the important sociopetality components of city hall include legibility and visibility, distinguishedness of the city hall, inviting entrance, the existence of transparent spaces, creation of gathering spaces, holding national/religious rituals and ceremonies, cultural function, and collective memory.

Determining the spaces and locating them in the plans are among the most important steps in architectural design of buildings. Any approach to the selection of the uses and locating them in the plan can lead to a specific architectural design. The current study aims to identify various locating patterns of the regional mosques’ lateral uses. These patterns would be extracted from the opinions of those expert in mosque architecture. To achieve this objective, the lateral uses of the reginal mosques are determined. Since this pattern recognition is based on the compatibility of any use with the religious use, first the criteria of this compatibility are determined through analysis of the Fatwas issued by the Maraji’ (source to follow). In this regard, a close-ended questionnaire is designed and distributed among the statistical population including the two groups of the religious and architectural elites. The TOPSIS decision analysis method is used to analyze the questionnaires and to prioroze the degree of compatibility of the uses. In this regard, the criteria for compatibility of each use with the religious use are including no conflict with the dignity of the mosque and no inconvenience of worshipers. Based on these criteria, the lateral uses of the mosques are divided into four categories as highly compatible, compatible, slightly compatible, and incompatible with religious use. Then, for the determination of the experts’ opinions about locating the space of each use, a close-ended questionnaire is designed and distributed among 25 people expert in mosque architecture design s. The obtained responses are analyzed using the chi-square test. The results indicate that the regional mosques can be categorized into three patterns as service mosques, invocative mosques, and social-worship mosques. Regarding the type of the relationship between the locating and compatibility degrees, the desired pattern in the mosque architecture design and planning is the social-worship mosque pattern.

Urban spaces are rich in memories that remain in the minds of residents as well as visitors. Memories are sometimes individual and sometimes collective, which shared by all citizens and members of society. Events in the city create memories and memories create lives. Those memory-making spaces, that previously existed in our cities, have been forgotten or qualitatively degraded, resulting in reducing the proper context for urban events and social interactions, and thereby the citizens’ sense of belonging to space. What makes urban spaces memorable is the objective and subjective instances of semiotic patterns. Today, signs have faded in urban spaces, and this has been an introduction to the amnesia of urban spaces. So, the signs are regarded as an important tool for the continuity and transfer of collective memories. In this regard, the present study aims to compare the memorability level of urban spaces. To this end, in the present study, it is attempted to extract the components contributing to the formation of a collective memory of urban spaces using a semiotic approach. Content analysis and deductive reasoning are the main methods of establishing the intellectual bases of the research. Confirmatory factor analysis is applied for statistical analysis using LISREL software. The results show that although at present, perceptual, social and semantic codes (perceptual-mental and social-temporal components) of the sense of collective memory have the most impact on the memorability of Hasanabad Square and Azadi Square. The perceptual and social codes have the highest effect in Azadi Square and Hasanabad Square, respectively which can be justified regarding the spatial properties of these two spaces (logical codes).

In many of today’ s cities, neighborhoods face a variety of social problems, the most important of which is the lack of social security. On the one hand, this is related to social and demographic characteristics and on the other hand, it is undeniably associated with place. The study of concepts related to urban crime is often carried out under a subfield of criminology called “ environmental criminology” . In this area, the impact of the surroundings on crime rate is investigated by identifying the relationships between urban form and neighborhood security. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the main aspects of urban form (density and land-use mix) and the level of security perceived by residents on the scale of an urban block in the neighborhoods of Shiraz Metropolitan. The data are collected from the 2011 Iranian Population and Housing Census report, Geographical Information System (GIS) databases and household questionnaire and quantitative indices. The perceived security indicator is defined and measured based on five variables: fear of crime, experience of crime occurrence, having trusted neighbors, social solidarity and incivilities. According to the results of one-way analysis of variance, there is a significant difference between blocks formed in different time periods (1966 backward, between 1966 and 1989 and from 1989 onwards) in “ fear of crime” and “ experience of crime occurrence” variables as in the newly developed neighborhoods, the averages of these two variables are less. So in the newly developed zone, the average of these two variables is lower than the other neighborhoods. The results of Pearson’ s correlation test also indicate that the “ experience of crime occurrence” variable is correlated with building density and population density inversely and directly, respectively. Moreover, the share of non-residential land-uses in the studied blocks is directly correlated with the experience of crime occurrence and the fear of crime among residents.

Human society has experienced a fundamental shift since 1980s that they call it in titles such as information era, network society and knowledge economy. The main feature of this era is emphasizing on the importance of knowledge and information in order to achieving prospection and development. The broad changes in this era have shifted the role of cities, especially great metropolis of the world as well. So that now days those metropolises that are searching competition and wealth have changed their production basis from commodity-based to knowledge based and tried to take a new role in world economy. But the relationship between metropolises and knowledge based economy is bilinear. According to which, this investigation has tried to analyze the capacity of Tehran metropolis in order to knowledge based development and to achieving this goal tried to do two types of analysis. First it has done an external analysis by collecting a series of measures and criterions and corresponding data. The investigation has tried to compare Tehran with other Iranian metropolises to explore its weakness, strengths, opportunities and threads. Second the investigation has tried to study the strategic-structural plan of Tehran in comparison with some knowledge based strategies that have been collected from theoretic literature. Finally a SWOT chart has gained. In this part a path analysis model has been run and the path of Iranian metropolises KBD has been extracted. In this investigation according to different subjects, different models and software such as AHP, cluster analysis, path analysis, Excel, SPSS etc. have been used Results and discussion: according to the developed model in this article, a strategic plan has been suggested in order to achieving the final goal called “ Tehran knowledge based development”.