JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2001 | Volume:44 | Issue:156|Papers Count:31

Development and its different dimensions is key concept, has been applied in political, social, econmic and cultural studies during several recent decades. Also it is considered as societies and countries seperation factor in economic and politic geographical culture. In this paper has been attempted to introduce development defenitions, developed indicators, undeveloped and the methods of available development.

After period of fall in Arabic literature Arabic contemporary literature, by disputing of internal and external elements, took a new movement in Arabic society. The writers and poets of this period again cultivated the asleep expectation and hopes of people in sentiments and thoughts field. Among the poets Ahmad Showghi is shining as Amir-Al-Shoara (prince poet) in this period. The poet"s special personality caused critics to criticize him differently. The best way of recognition the authors is research on their works, so this article consider Showghis" point of view through his poems about richness, povertiy and knowledge.

Reading Quran for the Muslem has the specified position and the Quran "s follower do thier best for his protection and publishing. Regarding to koofi scription and different accent in Arab people related with reading its holy words, since the first days of Islam expanding caused to happen some opposition between Muslem. Dispite of the caliphs"s effort especially Osmun, the people disablities in learning and reading Quran as it was discending and also their intresting caused to different reading. Since a century of discending Quran the reading readers who were familiar with the knowledge of reading taught their experiencs, but that was not classified. The other groups in the name of reading"s narrator who became famous, attempted to registor, publish and classify the reader"s reading. After passing of time and publishing of reading knowledge and nominating the number of readers by Quran researchers especially its reader such as Ebn Mojahed its discussing, rejecting and confirming became important.

During the recent decades, country"s population development and increasing of young population reveal the importance of adopting new Strategies for making job opportunities in the country. Existance of various capacities of tourism in the country of utilizing them for the sake of making employment and income conditions, can be measured as one of these strategies. Kerman has a higher population development ratio in the province. Tourism can be applied as a way for making employment opportunities, especially for youngesters. Based on this fact, in this research the main occupational groups of rate of employment which tourism can provide - regarding the population structure of rate or entrance of tourists in to Kerman - are surveyed. At the end, beside the conclusion, some strategies are suggested as well. The main method of research had been the analysing of statistics of available datas in connection with under study purpose.

William Wordsworth(l770-1850) is one of the most accomplished poets of England. By his achievements and the collaboration of Samuel Taylor Coleridge(l772-1834), the romantic poetry embraced a new and alluring tradition. As a child he became closely familiar with the lakes, hills and the mountains of his birthplace. Later as a youth he developed a keen love of nature, and his feelings were nourished to such a point that he could see the presence of God in the nature. His sister, Dorothy, as a close companion, looked after him and helped him in his creative literary career. Most of his best and celebrated works belong to his young days although he continued writing of the lyrics until the end of his life. He considered the nature as a great source of inspiration and teacher. He wished himself to be accepted as a teacher and his verse celebrated the moral influences that he received from, the nature under different inspirations. Wordsworth received a lot of respect and appreciations in the last decades of his me. He was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Durham and Oxford University. Seven years before the end of his life, after the death of Robert Southey( 1774-1843), he became the Poet Laureate of England.

In this paper, Farsi allophone system is analyzed according to the theory of articulatory phonology. To this end , articulatory gestures"are defined as minimal units of analysis. Since articulatory gestures are intrinsically temporal constriction patterns of vocaltrat, their spatio temporal combinations organize phonemes and allophones. 64 Farsi words were selected to study consonants "of cc context. Author uttered the word while wearing artificial palate using electropalatograph. The acoustic signal and tongue dynamic frames were recorded. Finally, Farsi gesture overlap rules were determined..

Abu Haiyan Asintdin Mohammad Ibn Yusefibn Ali Ibn Jiian Andulusi Gharnati, was born at the end of shaval in 654 in Ghanateh and died. in 28th safar in 745 A.H. Abu Haiyan had a special approach in syntax. He immitated no school completely and constantly rather he himself was an authority. His most important characteristic was his apparent and his influence in his syntactical tendencies. He is greatly in fluenced by the school of Basra especially. by sybavey and he his exploited his ideas ind the justification of his opinions. His ideas can be divided into two sections: 1. His personal ideas which he has acquired them personally and based on the induction and personal investigation. 2- His investigative ideas which refers to the ideas that Abu Haiyan has selected among the ideas of previous scientists and has prefered them over others.

The best intigration between different economical sections (agriculture, industry, and service) cause a good economical development in Kurdestan Province. Each group of industries have special needs and characteristics upon considering their locations, To reach to the best production of industries, planner must chose a suitable location for them. Therefore, knowledge about different types of industries which fit to Kurdestan Province is discussed here.

In this paper a method is presented for interpreting Nima Youshij"s poetry on the basis of two different approaches to the interpretation of texts offered so far by the eminent hermeneutics theoricians.The approaches are:a) Those having special impact on the individuality and mentality of the auther; the contenders of which hold that the ultimate meaning of the text is attainable: and that the interpreter"s suppositions and conditions at present are fatal for the interpretation.b) Those disregaring the author"s individuality and mentality, the contenders of which do not believe in the main, ultimate meaning of the text: neither do they believe in the only correct interpretation of the, text, they also hold that what the interpreter knows at present are necessary for interpretation.The method is presented for interpretation of the symbolic poems of Nima. At the end, the poem "hast shab" (It "s Night) by Nima Youshij is interpreted by making use of the method presentd by the writer of the present paper.

What is the main and important inspiration for compilation this paper for auther is the inveestigation of parlementary elections in Ardekan area (as birthplace Iranian"s fifth president) from Ihe .first election to 5th"s to deliberate the quantity and quality of people"s co-operation of that city and so considering their believes to Islamic republic system and to compare it with other cities in the Yazd province. In this article I also pay attention to the difficulties which there were in the way of representatives on processing of formal election and political inclinations of people in each period of election about 4 main political groups in country before the new period parties forming in Islamic system have been noticed. The investigation of distribution of votes of selecteds from each wing in each period in comparison with last and future periods is the other subject of this research.

Repitition human"s talk is as an instrument which whenever being to preserve the main purpose from the condition of words, that means transfer of significance and meanings; is good: other wise will not be good and perfect. In God"s talk that means Qoran, also the process of repetition even at the level of all the words of verses can be seen. These repetitions with such a vast are from what son and kind? Two parts of this article, are responses to these kind of repitions which are a great deal in Qoran.

Guardianship is the common ground, shared between rules of religion, mystic and truth.In respect to importance of Guardianship in mysticism Hadjviri the great mystic, in his book, Kashfol Mahjoob says .the foundation of the disciplines of Islamic mysticism and knowledge of God is Guardianship and its affirmation which is consented by all spiritual masters, though each has expressed his idea in this respect differently ".As in the rules of religion, it has been quoted, " Deeds are not accepted unless performed with faith in Guardianship". In mysticism. too. Guardianship is the heart and basis of the en fire human virtues and the starling point of achieving the ultimate stage of faith as well So, for mystics. Guardianship is the core and esence of religionIn this issue Guardianship in mysticism based on the points of view of Sayed Heidar Amoli ( 1321-1391 AD ) . the great Shiite mystic . is reviewed brief1y. First, Guardianship and its various kinds are discussed: then the completion of Guardianship and the last of the Guardians. have been reflected.Here it has been attempted that the importance of Shiite mysticism in deepening and transcending to bases and instructions of religion, become more apparent.

The present paper deals with the description of complex sentences in modern Persian, based on their finite subordinate clauses. It consists of two goals: One of the purposes of the study is to show that Persian treats all dependent clauses with ke (که) as relative clauses rather than as adverbial clauses - to say that in Persian relative clauses are introduced by the invariable particle ke . As other goal, the author of the article attempts to show what is discussed as complex subordinators (complex subordinate conjunctions) in traditional Persian grammar provides no Linguistic justifications for this purpose. His argument is a formal one.

Plato in Theaitetos dialogue proceeds the main themes of epistemology means episteme and tries to find a definition for it. All Plato"s three definition of episteme which is in deed different theories about episteme including Sophists and Sensualists remained without result. The theme of this article is the first Plato"s definition of episteme. The question of" What episteme is?", brings up in main conversation (143 C 9 - 151 D 3). The first Theaitetos answer to the question about the essence of episteme criticizes according to protagoras"s sentence and Herakleitos"s theory (183 C 9 - 187 B 3). Actual disproving of first definition starts in fact in part of this definition which without relationship with Protagroras"s and Herakleitios.s theories is treated. The first Plato"s definition can be proved neither in its strong form nor in its weak form means "perception is also episteme".

In this article holy manifestation of numbers as the symbols in mysticism and myth have, been taken in to account in three maslerpieces of persian poetical literature: Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh (in 5th century) Nizami"s khamseh (in 6th century) (and Atar"s Mantegh-Al-Teyr, (in 6th century) and at the same time,the various faces of mystical and mythical numbers have been compared with myth of Iran and those of India, China, Egypt and Greece ,... and also with some religions of before Islam. The Items discussed in this article are: Survey of numbers as a symbols ,in myths. of Iran India, China,. Egypt and Greece. Holy manifestations of numbers like three, six, seven, thirty, fourty and numerical measurements of myth and etc. All of these. cases have been taken in to the .stories like Gilgame"s Yosef Yaqub, Musa and Eylia-ye-nabi. And at last, all of these cases have been corresponded with some evidences of these aforementioned texts.

Epistemology, had never been regarded as an in defendent subject before Kant, and it was only after him, that it, became a separate branch and a subject for philosophical discussions, ,in the. Islamic, philosophy, nevertheless the main principles of Epistimology ,had been, discussed implicitly. within other discussios. The present essay, starting, from an explenation of analytic argument about realistic theory of knowledge" goes on with the exposition of three theorms among theologians and philosopher of Islam about the nature of knowledge. The first discussed theory sees knowledge as the mere relation between subject and object, and the second states, that knowledge is an idea of the object in the mind of man, though not as a perfect idea, but as an approximate form; this theorm is called "The theory of shades", i.e. relativism theory in the end, the chosen theory of Islamic philosophers which is called the theory of mental existence that is the corresponding theory of knowledge is discussed mi the one chosen by Islamic philosophers

The study of housing throughout the world shows that in the time of qualitative and quantitative crisis of housing, governments of different countries have put the fingers on building the public houses and mass housing plans untill they could solve the problems of housing. Already, the same ways have been exercised in Tehran to solve the similar problems. But, because they have put housing policies without consideration of historical backgorund of Tehran and poltical, economic, social situation of the society and the texture of the city, the exercised policy has dressed the social spaces and has dispersed the physical location of Tehran.

Prayer has special conditions and rules. Prayerful (worshipper) should consider greatness of the great God and also distinguish good and bad so that can ask from the great God his request in an appropriate time and place. There is no contrary between request in prayer for removing difficulties and patience. Because in spite of the fact that Ayoub (peace be upon him) requested from the God to remove his problem, the great God called his "Awab" (resulting to right). Mystics believe that nature of prayer is the reason of its acceptability. Because they believe that nature of prayer is the divine dispensations which are granted by the great God to worshipper. If response and acceptance is delayed, it is because of that the Great God likes his slaves to cry and supplicate and by such delay cry and supplication of the salve to be increased so that divine dispensations and favour to be highly increased. Supplications and wishing to be alone in front of the great God is the characteristics of the people who love the great God. Because the love and lover relationship which is ,made between worshipper and the great God, makes the worshipper to be lover who speaks only about the love and his sad is only for the love. The lover heart is broken, exactly which is the place of love. "I am with broken heart". The, lover cries and under the shadow of such cry, the lover achieves the divine light.

Pagan poetry is the oldest treasure of Arab"s vocabulary. That is the most valuable source for understanding the old and absolute, Arabic lexicon. Such lexicon is also very usefule for gaining knowledge about the ancient Arab people. This is why the muslim scholars, from the begining when writing was invented in the second century (A.H) They began collecting and editing the old works of writing numerous commenteries and glosses, and heavily citing such works in their own writings. The complication of old poems in invaluable collection preserved them from getting lost or distorted. Among the old poetic collections, and anologies shantamary"s commentary is valuable and famous to which later writers have refered.

Seid Yahya Fadaee Yazdi, the son of Mohammad Ali Aomegh, has been one of the Iranian scholars and literary men in the 13th century. He spent his life on learning and teaching in Yazd city, and he died in 1280 or 1282 lunar Hejri. One of his written works is "Manzoomeh Fi Elm-alnahv". This book has been written in Arabic and mostly consists of syntactic issues. This book has remained as a manuscript. The author has gaind various insights and views from kofism and basrism and other scholars in syntax. Then he has skillfuly put them into a coherent text and further versified them in an eloquent style. While stating the materials, he frequently points out the agreements and disgreements among the grammarians (scholars in syntax) and sometimes he provides the materials with arguments which require delicacy and precision. He also finds his Manzoomeh superior to Alfieh Ebn -e- Malek, but one can not accept this abosolutely. Although he speaks about some of syntactic issues more completely than Ebn -e- Malek, Ebn -e- Malek speaks about both syntactic and etymological issues while fadaee merely speaks about syntatic issues. This Manzoomeh not indicates the composer"s eminent position but also his mastry and daminance over prosody and rhyming as well as his skill in composing Arabic poems and beautiful handwriting. With regard to the author"s account, it is hoped that this precious work will be accessible to dear professors researchers and students.

One of the styles to review the literary works from stylistic point of view is to pay attention to external and internal aspects as well as rivew of three shapes of tone, meaning and form. Review of collection of Hamleh Haidary from language and content aspects reveal that Raji has approached to epic and has been affected by Shah - Nameh of Ferdowsi. A comparison of area of words of "Hamleh" and" Shah - Nameh " shows the homogenity and herogenity in these two works. Another charactristic of Raji"s Hamleh is the naration of its language. Even though the content of Hamleh Haidary is considred as a mixture of epic and lyric. Imagination of Raji has been made up two scopes, emotion and wisdom. Moreover, magnifying and exaggeration of events can be counted as the images of this epical poet which sometimes represent the influence of Shah Nameh on him.

Ibn-e Arabi is introduced as the founder of theoretical mysticism. The foundation and principles gathered in his last work Fosus AI-Hekam (lobes of the wisdom) include: pantheism, bounty, manifestation, ,fixed natures, likening and transcendence, corction and option, destiny and fate, revival of the existance, perfect human being, mission, prophecy and sainthood. Araqi and Jami are the followers of Ibn -e- Arabi"s school and therefore their works are the expression of his thoughts. Araqi"s Lamaat which - according to Sadr AI-din Qunavi is the essence of Fosus and the representative of pantheistic thoughts of Araqi. Ibn-e-Arabi explains pantheism so Existance is a reality of unit and eternal that is God and universe hasn"t a real independent existance and It is illusion and universe is the same various symbols of unit reality. Ibn-e-Arabi and his followers have accepted gathering between likening and transcendence. Ibn-e- Arabi has stated two kinds of coercion and beleives in essential coercion. A real human being of the point of view of Ibn-e- Arabi is the symbol of the great name in the existance world. Ibn-e- Arabi and Shabestari both have stated prophecy better than sainthood.

One of the valuable inheritances of each nation is epic novels. Epic poems is illustrator of historical happenings, fancy novels, fabulous heroes- in ignorance age of Arab poets that meaning of epic existed in the poetry of poets like Shanfara and Antarah. In addition, poems of Arabs were not similar to Shahnameh or Iliyad. We see Motanabbe who described the wars of Sayfal- ddolah by preserving epical images in long poems and also we .find other poets like Bohtori and Abo tammam who used the meaning of epic (AI Hemaseh) in their works. On the other hand, there was a kind of verses that was named educational or pedagogical (talimy) poem. In these verses meter of Rajaz was used but were themed by novels and educational subjects. We see that epic weight suddenly changed and was used in education poems or novels and was fashionable among poets who were also novelist. In contemporary Arab literature, too, because of relations with other literatures (European and Persian literature) and coming to the force of contrastive criticism, epic literature reappeared and the works of writers such as Soleyman Bostani (the translator of Iliyad) and Ahmad Moharram (the composer of Islamic Iliyad) initiated the evolution in epic literature. Later, literary .figures like Ahmad Showghi and Hafiz Ebrahim continued the same. The Flourishing of epic literature by Khalil Matran took place through his "Mataraniyeh" epic, and Fouzi Ma"loof through the epic of "Ala Basat Al-rih" (On the wings of the wind), and Shafig Ma"loof through the epic of "Abghar" and Jamil Sedghi Zahawi through the epic of "a revolution in the Inferno" culminates the epic poetry, of course, in Islamic literature, .figures like poules Salameh with the epic of Eid- Al Ghadir, and Abd Al- Monem Fertousi With the epic of Ahl Al- Bait, added new chapters with certain styles of epic poetry to epic literature, and with their rich imagination, story - telling and epic dialogue and by means of Arabic legends and gnostic concepts helped much to flourish the Arab epic literature.

Most part of subjects concerned with Sasanian history in hooks of history and literature of Iranians, have unreal and legendary aspect. Iranian sources containing Sasanian history pertain to two periods; before Islam and after Islam. Sources of before Islam about Sasanian history are very few and perhaps its cause is existence of tradition q{ knowing the subjects by heart gender by gender at those ages. Almost all of historic data about Sasanians in Iranian sources pertain to the sources of after Islam. But Iranian historians of after Islam, along with recording the historic events, also included legendary and unlogical and supernatural subjects between historic subjects, because of effect of narrative writing of Sasanian age. In books of history and literature, historic legendaries about fourteen Sasanian kings have been quoted.

The poems which were left for us from the pre - Islamic period are the earliest poems about hunting. At those days hunting was one of the objects of the pre - Islamic "qasida". The characteristics of the "taradiyya" changed according to the envirornment and circumstances. In the pre - Islamic and Umayyad periods these characteristics changed greatly. At the end of the second century of al - Hejra Abu Nuwas made it completely independant and became known as "Taradiyya". In the Abbasid period we can see influence of Iranian culture and civilization in the type of poetry. We notice many Iranian words and names in Arabicised forms in this type of poetry. The poets chose the metre "Rajaz" for this kind of poetry because its quickness suited the scene of hunting.

The present article shows the success of The Peking University and explaining the cultural efforts were taken by the University for promoting Language and Literature and Iranian culture. On the beses of need and more information the two nation China and Iran for estabishment of inter-relations scientafic, economic, development of suitable cultural ties is required between these two countries.

Role of literatiure and art in transition of culture different nations to subsequent is indeniable.History of most of nations in world is .full of resistence against aggressor. Literature of resistance is mirror of reflecting culture of nations that resistansed against enemys. In the meantime, role of novel and specially, "novel of resistence" and characteristic of being translation to important languages is indeniable. Even. aggressive countries .for transition of their anti human culture have composed for recording events in war periold. Movels about war, in the meantime American novels about war are More For composing novel of resistance can be refered to.following resources: warrior in war period, espicially the wounded and returned captives. phisical scences remained of war, warrooms , written remembrance. " and other hooks on informations of war. The contents of novels of resistence can be great campaigns and events occured in war. The other contents of them can he also discussing about great commenders and heroes , defects and great victories and picturing various mental and phisical activities an others. Eventually, war novels must reflect true picture of war and dominent spirit upon involving fronts. In the same time, theoretically, story literature must involve high literacy and artistic standards.

The author of this report accompanied with Dr. Anvar the professor of Tehran University and some other professor of other universities of Iran started a Journey to India in order to take part in an international congress of persian language professors on friday 27th of October 2000. This article is contained of the details of this report.

Learning a new language is a difficult job, especially when it is to be carried out in a foreign language situation; the reason being that a "foreign language situation" provides language learners with little authentic communication in the foreign language. As experts, we have noticed that most language learners spend most of their time doing written exerises, memorizing words and preparing for exams rather than writing lettres, reading newspapers, and speaking in or listening to the foreign language. Such a situation deprives most language learners of acquiring the optimal ability in communicating correctly in the foreign language: by "communicating" I mean a kind of communication which is both linguistically correct (according to the rules of grammar) and sociolinguistically appropriate (according to the social rules of the society in which the language is spoken). This, in turn , results in language learners" ignorance of the social and cultural rules of the foreign language. Obviously, this kind of social and cultural ignorance can be a big obstacle in the way of successful communication. This study tries to assess Iranian EFL learners" success in learning the sociolinguistic aspect of English as well as its linguistic aspect. I would like to thank Mr. Seyed MASOUD HADJI SEYED HOSSEINI FARD without his contribution this research could not have been successfully completed.

In this essey, the interest of the university proffessors in translation of relgeous texts is diseussed. To find the specificantions of a .fluent traslation we compared seven copies of persian Nahjolbalagheh. Since the translation of Sayed Jafar Shahidy is the best and complete one we considered it as the original text. The other text are: 1- the Dr. Ayaty "s translation. 2- The text that is adijusted and corrected by Dr. Azizollah Jovayny. (The main copy is translated at 5th or sixth century, but the translator is not known.) 3- The Feyzol Eslam translation. 4- The Allameh Mohammad Taghi Jafari translation. 6- The Molla Fatollah kashany translation. comparing these copies, we .find that the Dr. Shahidis copy is not only brief and to the point but also rhigmed and .fluent the copies are different key words. Although the copies are selected from two different sources, both university proffessors and clergymen with different point of views, vocablary and cultural backgrounds did their best. Consequently we find that these translations have a deep influence on persian literature and viceversa.