Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2006 | Volume:61 | Issue:3|Papers Count:26

Objective: To determine the levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in produced cheeses by different plants in province of Tehran.Design: Cross- sectional study.Sample: Eighty cheese samples.Procedure: Chromatography was used for determining the presence of AFM1.Statistical analysis: One- way analysis of variance and Tukey test.Results: AFM1 was found in 83.8% out of 80 cheese samples. The range of contamination levels varied among different months. AFM1 in June, September, December, and March ranged from 197 to 1423, 177 to 1274, 179 to 1506 and 219 to 2918 ng/ kg, respectively. However, the mean values were 549.7, 503.9, 602.1 and 749.6 ng/ kg, respectively. Moreover, the highest mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was registered in samples March (2918 ng/ kg). The lowest mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 was registered in samples of September (177 ng/ kg). Statistical evaluation showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the mean concentrations of AFM1 in cheese samples of June, September, December and March. However, mean concentrations of AFM1 in cheese samples of spring and summer was significantly lower than autumn and winter (P=0.004).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the high occurrence of AFM1 in cheese is probably due to the presence of aflatoxin in the feed. This condition should be considered as a probable hazard for human health.

Objective: To Compare the obtained results of radiography and electrocardiography (ECG) for diagnosis of cardiac enlargement in dogs.Design: Descriptive study Animals: Twenty two different breed dogs of both sexes were suspected as having cardiac disorders based on clinical signs.Procedure: Complete physical examination, CBC, evaluation of probable diseases, recording of ECG (without using of sedatives in standard condition) and taking radiographs in lateral and doors-ventral positions of thorax were done. VHS index (Vertebral Heart Scale) was measured in all of animals based on lateral thoracic radiographs.Statistical analysis: Likelihood Ratio and Fisher's Exact test for reliability of the data with Phi Table.Results: Seven out of 22 cases showed cardiac enlargement signs in electrocardiography. In 5 cases the disease was confirmed by radiography.Discussion: Among studied parameters for diagnosis of cardiac enlargement, we have found a correlation between radiography and electrocardiography, and radiography and VHS. Meanwhile, the latter showed stronger reliability.

Objective: To evaluate necropsy and histopathological changes in urinary bladder after colocystoplasty.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Five healthy mixed breed dogs, weighing between 10- 20 kg.Procetnre: Partial cystectomy (almost 50 percent) with immediate augmentation colocystoplasty was performed.The augmented bladders after utanasia were studied on the basis of necropsy and histopathological findings on day 45 after operation.Results: Adhesion between graft site and adjacent viscera was the most important finding after necropsy.Histopathological findings were different types of inflammations (hemorrhagic 40%, purulent 40% and fibrinous 20%) and extension of urothelium on mucosal layer of the colon in graft site (60%). Reparative responses in serosal layer like chronic inflammation, granular and dense fibrotic tissue formation were seen in 60%, too.Conclusion: On the basis of this study, in spite of adhesion and bladder inflammation, colon is a suitable part for increasing bladder capacity in dogs because of good accessibility and lack of undue tension.

Objective: To identify genus and species of hard ticks (Ixodidae) in cattle of Amol area.Design: Cross- sectional study.Animal: CattleSamples: six hundered and ninty six ixodid ticks were collected from cattle of Amol area.Procedure: Ticks on cattle from Amol area (Province of Mazandaran, Iran) were collected and transferred to Parasitology laboratory by means of universal tubes containing Alcohol- Glycerin. After preparing the specimen, genus and species were identified by a stereomicroscope.Results: Five hundered and seventy one cattle (82.04%) out of 696 were infected with Boophilus annulatus as dominant hard tick. The other ticks were Rhipicephalus bursa (14.66%), Haemaphysalis concinna (2.44%) and Ixodes ricinus (0.86%).Conclusion: According to the results, Boophilus annulatus is dominant ixodid tick of the cattle in Amol area. This species may play an important role in epidemiology of babesiosis, caused by Babesia bigemina in cattle.

Objective: To study the effects of various concentration of Cadmium (5, 50 and 100 ppm) on blood parameters in broiler chickens (Ross Breed).Design: Experimental study.Animals: Two hundred and eightyn Ross broiler chickens.Procedure: The chickens were randomly categorized into 4 groups of 3 replicates each. The replicates were randomly distributed in 12 batteries. Blood were collected after 1, 2, 4 and 7 weeks and the valuse of RBC and WBC counts, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCHC, leukocyte differentiation and thrombocyte counts determined.Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Scheffe method.Results: The values of RBC, PCV and Hb gradually showed increase during course of experiment in 5 ppm group compare to control. However there was no significant difference among groups. In 50ppm group RBC, PCV and Hb had decrease compare to control (p<0.05) but MCV and MCHC changes were not significant. Therefore, the anemia in the 50ppm group was normocytic normochromic type. While in the 100 ppm group the valuse of RBC, PCV, Hb and MCHC had decrease (p<0.05), MCV, showed increase (p<0.05). The results indicate that anemia in the 100ppm group is a macrocytic hypochromic type. WBC and heterophil counts showed increase between days 14 and 28 in 5, 50 and 100ppm treated groups compare to control. However the changes were not statistically significant. Furthermore, thrombocyte counts in 5ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm groups were significantly low (p<0.05).Conclusion: It is concluded that cadmium administration causes gradual hematological changes which correlate with cadmium concentration in the diet.

Objective: Investigation of antibacterial effects of Persian Gulf Scomberomotus commerson liver oil.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Five adult Persian Gulf Scomberomorus commerson.Procedure: Antibacterial effects of the chloroform and n-butanol extracted liver oil were tested by agar diffusion test and determination of MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration). The test organisms were four ATCC (American Tissue Type Culture Collection) standard Laboratory bacteria (Escherichia Coli, Enterococcus faecal is, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bucillus subtilis).Statistical analysis: Descriptive study.Results: Both fractions had significant antibacterial effects on S.aureus and B. subtilis. Conclusion: Antibacterial effects of the n- butanol extract were wider and were effective against E.Coli and P.aeroginosa.

Objective: Study of gross and histopathological lesions, relative weight changes of liver and kidney and biochemical parameters of chickens in experimentally induced aflatoxicosis.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Three hundred and twenty one-day-old Ross broiler chickens.Statistical analysis: Linear model analysis and Duncan's method for mean values using SAS system.Procedure: Chickens were categorized into 6 groups and fed with diets; without aflatoxin (group I); containing 2ppm of aflatoxin (group 2); containing 2% of DM clinoptilolite, (group 3) and containing 2% of DM clinoptilolite. plus 2 ppm of aflatoxin (group 4). Aflatoxin was produced by infecting the autoclaved rice with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999.After 21 and 42 days. Three chickens from each group were randomly selected, livers and kidneys weighed, tissues fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sectioned (5μm thickness) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Blood samples were randomly collected in non-heparinized tubes from 12 birds at the end of third and sixth week of age in each treatment group. Serum analyzed for total protein, albumin, cholesterol, LDH, ALP and AST values.Results: Relative weights of the livers and kidneys (g/100g.b.w) in group 3 showed significant increase compare to control (p<0.05). Histopathological examination revealed mild fatty changes, mild fibrosis and bile ductile hyperplasia in portal regions of chicken in group 3. Serum cholesterol, total protein and albumin showed decrease in affected chickens with aflatoxicosis (p<0.05). The toxin fed group had higher LDH and AST activity and lower ALP activity.Conclusion: The results suggest that clinoptilolite (2% of DM) effective lydiminished the detrimental effects of AF on the liver and biochemical parameters of serum. There were no pathological changes in liver of chickens that received clinoptilolite (2%) in diet (group 3).

Objective: Useful effects of many medicinal plants were reported in the literature, among which antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects are the most important. In the present study, antibacterial effects of eugenol were examined. Design: Experimental study.Procedure: Serial dilution antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against different Gram positives bacterial species including: Staphylococcus aureus, Sterptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b and Gram negative including: Escherichia coli K12 serotype, Salmonella typhimurium P649 serotype, Pasteurella multocida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).Results: MIC values for different bacterial species varied from 10 μg/ml for Pasteurella multocida to more than 6 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MBC values were mostly the same as corresponding MICs. In addition, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus agalactiae showed comparable susceptibilities to eugenol and its sodium salt, but other microorganisms had greater susceptibility to eugenol than its sodium salt.Conclusion: Bacterial species of this experiment had different sensitivities to eugenol and its sodium salt.

Objective: To detect-Salmonella serotypes of the cow's faecal samples by means ompC gene.Design: Experimental study.Samples: Two hundred fea-cal samples (50 samples from Khorasan province, 20 samples from Zanjan province, 30 samples from Amin Abad Institute, 30 samples from, Mardabad Veterinary Clinic and 70 samples from farms –around Tehran province) and 25 samples from Shahr-e-kord.Procedures: The samples were tested by PCR in parallel with conventional culture and serogrouping methods. PCR was carried out after enrichment of faecal samples in selenite- F broth, DNA was extracted by rapid boiling method. PCR was done and products electrophoresed on a 1.5 % agarose gel and visualized by UV transilluminator after staining with ethidium bromide. Visible band at expected size (159 bp) was defined as a positive response.Statistical analysis: Descriptive study.Results: Results showed that in all of 25 isolates and 14 (7%) out of 200 faecal samples, target gene (ompC gene with 159 bp size) was observed. Among them only one sample (0.5%) was both PCR and culture positive. Conclusion: According to the results of this study PCR assay with enrichment broth processing method is useful for rapid identification of Salmonella serotypes for in faecal samples.

jective: To determine morphological and histological characteristics of stomach in Caspian pony.Design: Observational study.Animals: Five mature Caspian pony.Procedure: A histological study was carried out on the stomach of Caspian pony. one centimeter from different parts of stomach was taken and immediately fixed in 10% formalin. After fixation they were transferred into the tissue processor, paraffin blocks made and thin sections of (five micron) prepared. The tissue sections were stained with H&E. Statistical analysis: Descriptive study.Results: Stomach of the Caspian pony is composed of cardiac, fondic and pyloric regions. In the internal surface of stormach two distinguish able parts were observed according to their color an mucosa. While its cranial part was paler and non-glandular (fore stomach). Its posterior part was darker and glandular. A marginal fold as margo plicatus was located between them. Forestomach has stratified squamous epithelium deep, medial and superficial regions. Glands were not seen. in lamina propria and submucosa, glands were seen. In the posterior part, the epithelium is simple columnar and lamina propria has many gastric glands, besides of some mucosal glands of deep layer.Conclusion: cranial part of stomach can be considered as fore stomach because of lacking secretory glands, its structure is similar to esophagus. In the forestomach of Caspian pony, presence of three distinguishable cellular regions is a peculiarity. Furthermore, its columnar cells with mucos secretion and presence of mucosal glands in the deep layer of lamina propria are characteristics of forestomach in Caspian pony.

Objective: To determine the effects of Aloe- vera extract on skin wounds healing.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Four fat tailed sheep with 1-1.5 years old and 25-30 kg weighing.Procedure: Bilateral skin wounds (two 2×2 cm full thickness as rectangular shape) were made in the cranial and caudal parts of chest. These four areas in each animal were treated individually with Aloe- vera extract (9% in Euserin), Phenytoine (1% in Euserin), pure Euserin and normal saline two times per day. In order to eliminate the effects of anatomical factors on wounds healing drugs were different from one sheep to another. Gross photographs were taken from wounds, scanned and computerized. Then total wound area, granulation of tissue and new epithelialization was measured carefully by Scion Image software. The percentages of wound healing, wound contraction and epithelialization were calculated.Statistical analysis: Paired Hest.Results: While Aloe- Vera did not show any significant effect on the wound geometrical parameters. on the other hand in microscopical evaluations, reepithelialization, tissue granulation and proliferation of connective tissue in wounds were seen in response to Aloe- vera. Furthermore, collagenous fibers were thicker and well arranged in these groups, too. Conclusion: While quantitative measurements did not show supportive effects of Aloe- vera on wound geometrical parameters, qualitative observations showed it can improve healing process and wound appearance.

Objective: To evaluate the short term effect of clomiphen citrate on osteoporosis in dog.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Ten dogs of both sexes with average weight of 23±5.6 Kg, were randomly assigned to either control (n=5) or experimental groups (n=5).Procedure: Osteoporosis was induced by immobilizing the right hindlimb by means of fiberglass cast. Five dogs received clomiphen citrate (5 mg/kg per os) once a day for 42 days. All dogs were euthanized on day 42 and tibias were harvested. Bone biomechanical properties and microscopic structure of casted and uncasted tibias were studied.Statistical analysis: Independent t-test was done for biomechemical values.Results: Significant differences in the values of examined mechanical properties were found between controt and clomiphen-treated dogs.(p<0.05) No remarkable histopathological changes were detected in the tibias of casted limb in Clomiphen-treated dogs.Clinical implications: These findings indicate that short term clomiphen therapy may have promising effects on prevention of osteoporosis in dog.

Objective: To determine the type and prevalence of parasitic infestation (Helminthes and Ectoparasites) of rodents in Tabriz.Design: Cross-sectional study. Auimals: One hundred and twenty rodents (56 Mus musculus, 38 Rattus norvegicus and 26 Cricetulus migratorius) were traped from different urban areas of Tabriz.Procedures: Animals were euthanasied by high dose of anesthetic drugs and after identification of species, their ectoparasites were isolated. The rodents were then necropsied and helminthes of digestive tract were collected. After fixation of the samples in 10% formalin, identification was performed based on parasitological characteristics.Statistical analysis: Descriptive study.Results: About 78.3% of tested samples were infested by at least one parasite. In parasitological study two nematods: Mastophorus muris (21.28%), Syphacia obvelat (17.02%), two cestodes: Skerjabinotaenia oranensis (21.28%), Hymenolepis diminuta (24.47%), one metacestode: Cysticercus fasciolaris (7.45%), one acanthocephal: Moniliformis moniliformis (8.5%), two fleas: Nosopsyllus fasciatus (47.22%), Xenopsyella cheopis (16.66%), two ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (13.88%), Haemaphysalis punctata (16.66%) and one mite: Omithonysus bacoti (5.55%) were identified.Conclusion: For the first time we reported Mastophorus muris (in stomach), Skerjabinotaenia oranensis (in intestined), Rhipicephalus sanguine us (in skin) of rodents in Iran. Because of rodent's role in transmittion of zoonoses and developmental cycle of parasites as intermediate host, their eradication is crucial.

Objective: Assessment of the capability of Geranium herbarum escence in control of fungal contamination rainbow trout eggs.Design: Experimental study.Animals: About 16 kg eggs of 3-4 years old Oncorhynchus mykiss brooders (232464 eggs).Procedures: The effects of this escence (1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100ppm) were daily evaluated until the eyed egg stage (about 18-20 days). The positive control was treated with 1 ppm malachite green and the negative one assessed without any drugs.Statistical analysis: Analysis of Variance and t-student by SPSS.Results: Culturing of affected eggs, showed a contamination of Saprolegnia parasitica and Fusarium solani was observed. MIC valuse of Geranium escence against Saprolegnia and Fusarium were 4.8 and 18.2 ppm respectively. Conclusion: The geranium escence specially at 25, 50 and 100ppm had significant difference compare to negative control (p<0.05).

Objective: The effect of ICV injection of baclofen (GABAB agonist) and CGP35348 (GABAB antagonist) on serum concentration of estradiol and progesterone in proestrous phase. Design: Experimental study.Animals: Twenty female Sperague Dawley rats weighning 200-250 g were used.Procedure: For ICV injection a director canula was inserted into the lateral ventricle by stereotaxic surgery. Each injection was performed 30 min before blood sampling. Blood samples were collected 9, 11 and 13h after initiation of proestrous.Estradiol and progesterone levels were determined using RIA method.Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA, repeated mature ANOVA and post-hoc Tucky test. The level of significance was at P<0.05.Results: Present data demonstrated that baclofen at doses of 4.27 and 8.54 ng/rat significantly increased and decreased serum concentration of estradiol, respectively (p<0.05).Baclofen at the same doses significantly increased serum concentration of progesterone in 11a.m and 1p.m (P<0.05).CGP35348 in both doses had no significant effect on serum concentration of estradiol, while in 5 g/rat significantly increased the serum concentration of progesterone (P<0.05). Discussion: The results indicate that GABAB receptormay has an important role in the control of estradiol and progesterone secretion in the proestrous phase of female rats.

Objective: To study the possibility of reducing the carcass fat content through cross breeding of fat- tailed ewe (Zandi) with tailed sheep breed (Zel). Design: Completely randomized design. Animal: 65 Zandi ewes as well as 15 Zandi × Zel ewes and 6 Zandi rams. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA followed by Duncan and chi2 and Man Whitney tests. Procedure: In order to synchronize estrous, all ewes were treated for 13 days with controlled internal drug releasing device (CIDR) and eCG hormone. In lambing season, 23 pure F1 and backcross (RI) out of 61 lambs were fattened. The fattening period of Zandi pure and crossbred lambs were 90 days. Results: The average daily gain (ADG) of pure F1 and R1 lambs were 165(±11), 156(±11) and 162 (±11) grams, respectively. The proportion of lean meat (LM), subcutaneous fat (SCF) and intramuscular fat (IMF) of R1 lambs were higher than the Fland the values of the recent values were higher than the pure lambs (P<0.001). The proportion of abdominal fat (ABF) in R1 and F1 lambs were higher and the bone percentage was lower than the pure lambs (P<0.005). The fat tail proportion in R1, F1 and pure lambs were 3.6, 6.0 and 13.3, respectively. The proportion of body total fat (BTF) (i.e.fat tail+SCF+IMF+ABF) of RI was higher than the Fl and pure lambs (P<0.005).The percentage of carcass total fat (CTF) (i.e.fat tail+ SCF+IMF) and the proportion of ether extract of R11ambs were lower than the pure lambs (P<0.005). Crud protein, moisture and ash of the debonded carcasses between pure and crossbred lambs had not significant difference. Conclusion: Results showed that in crossing Zandi ewes with Zel ram, the proportion of BTF had not decrease. Furthermore, in spite of lower fat tail proportion, fat deposition occured in the other oranges.

Objective: To study the effects of rapeseed meal and iodine supplementation on performance, organs weight and some biochemical parameters of broiler chicks.Design: Completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments.Animals: One hundred and twenty one-day-old Arian broiler chicks (mixed male and female).Procedure: Chickens were categorized into 3 groups:soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and rape seed meal plus iodine (2mg/kg) .Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were determined at the end of starter, grower, finisher and whole period. states Moreover, the values of relative weight of liver, gallbladder, heart, spleen, gizzard, abdominal fat pad and carcass accompaning with serum concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, gamma glutamyltransferase and alanin aminotransferase were determined at 49 day of age.Statistical analysis: Significant differences among treatments determined by Duncan's multiple range tests. Results: While rapeseed meal (RSM) reduced, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, iodine supplement did not affect body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during starter, grower and whole period states. In contrast to iodine treatment the highest weight of gallbladder and its ratio to whole body weight were seen with RSM. The weight of abdominal fat pad and its ratio to whole body weight were reduced in RSM and RSM puls iodine supplementation. Iodine Supplementation had effect on the concentration of thyroxine, triiodothyronine gamma glutamyltransferase and alanin aminotransferase in RSM group.Conclusion: The complete replacement of rapeseed meal with soybean reduced performance and concentration of triiodothyronine hormone, and increased some organs weight. idoine supplementation had no effect on erfrmanc.

Objective: To determine true and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of wheat (Mahdavi cultivar), autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by product. Design: Completely randomized design.Animals: One hundred and twenty one - day old broiler chickens.Procedure: Chickens were categorized into five groups:basal diet, bosal diet plus wheat (50: 50%), basal diet plus auto claved wheat (50:50%), basal diet plus spaghetti by product (50:50%) and protein free diet. Chromic oxide was included in all diets as an indigestible marker. Birds were fed for 7 days ad libitum and on day 35 fasted for 24 hours and then allowed to consume their respective diets for one hour. After then birds were killed by CO2, body cavity opened, ileum removed and digesta gently flushed using strile distilled water. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acid in the test ingredients were estimated by means of basal/test diet. Difference method.Results: The apparent and true amino acid digestibility's of test ingredients were significantly different (P<0.01).Autoclaving of wheat increases its amino acid digestibilities (P<0.01). Among test ingredients, average ileal amino acid digestibility of spaghetti by product was higher than wheat and wheat autoclaved but was lower than those values of basal diet (P<0.01). Coefficient of amino acids digestibility within an ingredient had significant difference (P<0.01). The difference between true and apparent values was significant (P<0.01).Clinical implication: Autoclaving and heat processing of spaghetti production increase wheat amino acid digestibilities. Poultry nutritionist and broiler producers can use these digestibility coefficient values for precision feed formulation.

Objective: Clinical evaluation of klebsiella induced diarrhea and frequency of this agent in calve's diarrhea in Iran.Design: Cross sectional Study. Animal: Out of 295 calves (less than one month age) 209 calves showed diarrhea and 86 calves were as control group.Procedure: To collect stool sample from rectum of the all calves (affected and apparently healthy) and using bacteriological standard methods for detection of this bacterium.Statistical analysis: Descriptive study using SPSS package.Results: Thirty one samples out of all examined stool samples were infected with klebsiella. In this regard, 18 samples (8.6%) were from diarrheic calves and 13 samples (15.3%) from the control group. Mean of age in diarrheic calve was 12.00±3.08 days. In diarrheic group 6 calves (33.3%) showed severe lienteric diarrhea. All diarrheic calves (100%) showed thin and vivacity in general condition. Nine diarrheic calves (50%) had yellow feces, 17 of diarrheic calves (94.4%) had poor feeding behavior and all diarrheic calves (100%) showed second dehydration degree. Clinical implication: Klebsiella can be one of causative agents in the calves diarrhea syndrome in the less than one month age.

Objective: To determine Lactation performance and lamb growth of Ghezel breed.Design: Factorial 2×2.Animals: Twenty uniparous Ghezel ewes (4-5 year-old), Procedure: During the suckling period (15 weeks) milk was collected daily by a combined lamb-suckling and hand milking from weaning to the end of lactation.Results: Average lactation length and total milk yield were 163.5±23.2 days and 145.1±23.2 kg, respectively. Daily milk yield during the suckling and post weaning periods averaged 1210±140g and 320±70g, respectively. Peak of production was achieved at the second week of lactation and declined gradually thereafter, with an immediate sudden drop following weaning. The mothers of suckling ram lambs produced more milk compared to those suckling ewe lambs. Milk production and lactation length were higher in five years old ewes than the 4years old ewes (P<0.05).Conclusion: It seems that Ghezel ewes have a good potential for milk production. Moreover, because of the favorable Lactation of the mothers their lamb growth is satisfactory.