Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2017 | Volume:12 | Issue:3|Papers Count:24

Background: Classical Persian literary texts include notable themes that can still be innovating and guidance for modern societies. Among these motifs, there are implied pieces of advice in medical ethics. In this study, the researcher has extracted codes of conduct for physicians by scrutinizing some of these literary texts including GhaboosNameh, KefayatAlteb, PandNamehAhvazi, ChaharMaghaleh, Khofi-e Alayi, Kelilehva Demneh, and some texts on the history of medicine. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly supported the idea that medical ethics has been a major subject for the elite and men of science in the field of medicine or other noted fields of science. Moreover, this research indicated that from the dawn of Islamic civilization to the present time medical ethics has been a focal point. Great physicians such as Sayyed Ismaeil Jorjani, Ibn Hbish Teflisi, Ahvazi, and Movafagh AldinHeravialong with the prominent authors such as NezamiSamarghandi, OnsorAlma'ali KeykavoosIbnEskandar, and Nasr Allah Moshi have offered a number of invaluable pieces of advice for physicians. Some of the most notable of such advice include trustworthiness, prudency, openness with patients, tenderness, sacrifice, honesty, confidentiality, benevolence, assisting less privileged patients financially, avoiding prescription of abortion drugs, avoiding hazardous medicine prescription, and generosity. The general trend of highlighting these values has extended to the present. Educating the news physicians to gain such considerations and research on ethics have been on the forefront of the minds of the researchers in bio-sciences and medicine

Background: Managers more than other people deal with key issues that must always consider the interests of self, right of others, law and some humanistic ideals. The aim of this study was to understand the most predominant moral schema in managers that led to the decision making. Method: The study is a qualitative research. Population of study includes all decision making managers. Among all, 20 subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and saturation criteria as samples, then depth interviews were conducted for them. Qualitative data were analyzed by selective and open coding. Results: Maintenance Moral Schema is most dominant schema in managers (in 65%), in 30% personal interest schema and in 5% post conventional moral schema is dominant. Furthermore, meaning moral schema and other factors such as motivation and emotion impact on moral decision. Conclusion: Exception of the three schemes that mentioned by neo-Kohlbergian, moral and ethical decisions affected by other factors.

Background: The Online social networks addiction is a type of technologies addiction that it is defined as non-chemical and behavioral addiction. The addiction to online social networks can lead to distraction, depression, anxiety, lower academic performance and so on. In this study a scale was developed based on the previous literature and researches of authors and in consideration of negative effects of social networks addiction on ethics and behavior of user to measure the online social networks addiction in Iran. Method: The method of study is Descriptive-Survey. The statistical population of study was the college students in Urmia university of Technology and the convenience sample was 206 (121 male and 85 female) of them. The Online form of social networks addiction scale was sent to students. The reliability of the ethical scale was assessed by calculating the Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to verify the validity of the ethical scale. Results: The result of Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient showed that the ethical scale has a high reliability and the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure is good. Conclusion: Therefore, the online social networks addiction ethical scale consists of 34 items and 7 dimensions can be used as an appropriate instrument to measure the online social networks addiction of Iranian college students.

Background: Ethics is a subject that has attracted a considerable attention both in business and in society. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of ethics (idealism) in sport consumers’ behavior Method: The present research method is descriptive-correlation. Population of study includes all physical education students in Islamic Azad University (Tehran). 236 students (126 males, 110 females), by the use of cluster sampling completed the questionnaire of ethics in consumer behavior of Don Forsyth (1980) were confirmed. Data were analyzed by linear regression. Results: The results indicated that the maximum frequency of the variable if idealism in consumers was in an average level (142persons). Also, the results indicated a significant relationship between variables of idealism and consumer’ s behavior. Conclusion: Commitment to ethics by individuals as ethical consumers was in great significance.

Background: Toxic leadership is a kind of unethical leadership that might cause miss-consequences in organization. In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify the consequences of toxic leadership and exploring their dynamics in a model. Method: This research is a qualitative-correlation methodologically. The population includes employees in 21 Rafsanjan’ s public organizations, known with research phenomenon of interest. The sample of 28 experts were selected using concept and snowball sampling. After studying literature and identifying consequences of toxic leadership, a half-closed Likert questionnaire was developed and distributed among mentioned experts. The questionnaires statements were screened based on fuzzy analysis. Then, the other identified consequences of toxic leadership were screened and after categorizing, the measure for ISM were developed and distributed among experts. Finally, data were analyzed and interpretative structural model of studied phenomenon were drew. Results: The model possessed 9 consequences in 6 levels: managerial decision making and group consequences; physical consequences; cognitive individual consequences, psychological-attitudinal individual consequences, organizational communication and climate; behavioral consequences; organizational performance and productivity; and outer-organizational consequences. Conclusion: The consequences of toxic leadership are as follow: weak decision making; mental de-concentration, management instability, and no meritocracy; decline of job satisfaction, self-esteem, job motivation, organizational commitment, job performance, and employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors; emergence of deviant behaviors; increase of blood pressure, muscle spasm, job stress, depression, and employees’ amazement; increase of centralized decisions, interpersonal conflict, hypocritical behaviors in interpersonal communication, organizational anomie, dysfunctional interpersonal competition, and client’ s dissatisfaction; disorder in group integrity and communication; decrease of organizational trust, cooperation, integrity, accord, interpersonal performance, productivity, and inter-organizational trust; and finally shaping the organizational mistreatment and disrespect climate.

Background: Competition existed since the beginning of trade, and unethical behaviors were considered interfering with competition. Thus, the consideration of unethical behaviors is one of the fundamental research subjects in various fields. This study seeks to investigate the effect of tendency toward Machiavellianism behavior on auditors’ attitude to marketing unethical Methods. Method: This study employs descriptive-correlation research method. Study population includes private sector auditors. Required data was collected from 289 auditors in Tehran, who were selected by simple random sampling. The tools of Research data collection is questionnaires. Statistical analysis of data was used by using multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings show that the tendency toward Machiavellianism behavior is effective in auditors’ attitude to marketing unethical methods. Moreover, findings indicate that the increase of auditors’ educational attainment corresponds to higher tendency toward marketing unethical methods. Conclusion: The results confirm that competition in auditing profession leads to the increase of unethical methods, specifically in private sector; therefore, the auditing quality diminishes.

Background: Ethical leadership focuses on the way that managers and supervisors use social power in their decision-making and workplace actions and how they affect and influence others. The main purpose of the present study is to design a model of ethical leadership styles in Iranian public agencies. Method: This study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and is descriptive survey based on its implementation. Statistical population of this research includes 20 experts and managers and also 812 employees of the tax administration west Azarbaijan province. From this statistical population, 250 individuals were selected randomly as a statistical sample. Data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by analytic hierarchy AHP, correlation analysis and factor analysis. Results: The results show that from the perspectives of experts, role modeling and the perspectives of employees, outstanding traits have the significant impact on ethical leadership. By comparing leadership attributes with ethical leadership styles, we conclude that the facilitator leadership style with the characteristics of people-oriented and community-based, imperative with individual features, convincing with outstanding traits, inspiring with role modeling have the highest correlation. Conclusion: According to research results, role modeling and outstanding traits such as integrity and transparency are important dimensions in ethical leadership and in the public sector; according to the characteristics of different ethical leadership we can use different leadership styles.

Background: Unethical behavior of a leader can lead to the failure of ethics in organization. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to study the relationship between ethical leadership with organizational citizenship behavior and testing the moderating effects of the perceived organizational policies and gender among the Urmia University staffs. Method: This is a descriptive-correlation research. Participant comprised 225 members of Urmia University staffs. Data was collected using three standard questionnaires: ethical leadership, organizational citizenship behavior and organizational policies. Data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple simultaneous regression coefficients and hierarchical one. Results: The results showed that there was a positive significant relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. As a sequence, the results indicated that there was a negative significant relationship between organizational politics understanding and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, perceived organizational politics had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, but gender had no significant moderating effect in this relationship. Conclusion: Based on these results we concluded that ethical leadership lead to promote the organizational citizenship behavior directly and reduce the policies in an organization. Also, with an emphasis on moderating role of perceived organizational politics, ethical leadership had a positive and meaningful effect on organizational citizenship behavior.

Background: Observing unethical behavior among students lead to major concerns among specialist and the oncoming effects of this behaviors increase the concerns. The aim of present study was to identify the dimension and components of the student ethics and affecting factors promoting it and also provide an appropriate model for promoting students ethics. Method: This research was descriptive. Statistical population includes all students of Islamic Azad universities in Qazvin province. Research sample was 340 persons. random sampling method is used. For data collection a researcher made questionnaire was used. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, in terms of face and content validity, judgments of expert was used. Reliability coefficient for the whole dimension of student ethics was 0. 947 and for affecting factors was 0. 950. Through the exploratory factor analysis, t-test, correlation and regression the data were analyzed. Results: Five dimension of students ethics were: The ethics of the education, Research observing, Research integrity, Social behavior and Individual behavior. Also, affecting factors were: individual-contextual factors, managerial factors and educational factors. Examination of the existing status of student ethics in compare with desire status showed that in all dimension of student ethics and affecting factors the existing status were inappropriate and undesirable and there is a gap with desirable status. Finally, a suitable model for promoting student ethics was presented. Conclusion: Individual-contextual factors, managerial factors and educational factors can promote student ethics. Student ethics promotional model when applied in universities, can lead to the improvement and promotion of the student ethics.

Background: Job performance of employees is one of the most important strategic processes that improve accountability, defines amount of achieving the goals and programs of each organization. As a result, identifying the effective factors in the shadow of organizational ethics is necessary. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and work ethic with job performance. Method: This study is a descriptive-correlation research. The population consists of three areas of education in Kermanshah. Among all, 232 subjects were selected as the sample group through relative stratifying sampling. Data were collected by three questionnaires; spiritual intelligence, work ethic and job performance. Data were analyzed by using statistical software LISREL, SPSS and through the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results: The results showed that the relationship between spiritual intelligence and dimensions of transcendental awareness and the development of awareness state with job performance is positive and significant. Conclusion: As a result, spiritual intelligence and work ethic can be effective on job performance.

Background: Organizations are undeniable aspect of modern world and human force is the first and most important part of an organizational system. Professional ethics among other things are values that employees without them willingly or unwillingly can't do their jobs correctly and with productivity. This research intends to offer and explain the correlation between two variables of emotional intelligence and professional ethics. Method: This research is a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of interest includes all of 3700 employees of "Shazand Petrochemical Company". We determine a sample size of 350 people by the use of Morgan sample size table. Data were gathered by standard questionnaires; emotional intelligence and professional ethics. To determine normality or abnormality of variables distribution, we use Kolmogorov– Smirnov test. The findings of mentioned test indicate that variables distribution is abnormal. Therefore, we used Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Research findings show that there is a significant and positive correlation between emotional intelligence and professional ethics. Also, there is a positive and significant correlation between components of emotional intelligence including: self-awareness, self-control, concord, social skills and self-motivation with professional ethics of employees. Conclusion: Emotional intelligence has many advantages for organizations through self-management and managing others and causes employees' professional ethics to improve. Therefore, an organization can benefit from emotional intelligence to improve employees' professional ethics and promote their performance in organization.

Background: Scientific boards are expected to be aware of professional ethics and with commitment to them, ensure teaching-learning processes. The present study was aimed at examining codes of professional conduct for scientific boards at Shahid Beheshti University as perceived by students. Method: In this Survey research, Statistical population was all students of Shahid Beheshti University. The samples of 380 students were selected by stratified random sampling. The research instrument developed by the researchers was composed of 6 components and 32 items. Data were analyzed by SPSS, using ANOVA, Friedman and T-tests. Results: Academic staffs were rated above average in terms of professional appearance, fairness, respecting students, expertise, teaching and assessment methods. Significant differences were found between schools. Conclusion: Although, professional ethics were found above average, there is still a remarkable gap between the actual and the desired situations, particularly in terms of teaching and assessment strategies

Background: Plagiarism is one of the most important issues in Research Ethics. The aim of this paper is to discuss about the entity of plagiarism and its kinds. Plagiarism is to appropriate other's work as your own or to use other's works without appropriate citation. The subjects of plagiarism are words, ideas, styles and meanings. This research has tried with descriptive-analytical method to find a comprehensive definition of plagiarism. Conclusion: Plagiarism may be occurred without intention and the knowledge. The consent of the author of used work doesn't prevent of plagiarism to be occurred. Plagiarism has different kinds that some of them are occurred without any citation to original sources such as stealing the whole or part of a work, stealing the sentences and paragraphs, words and special terms, styles, ideas and the self-plagiarism; and some of them with citation such as Inappropriate paraphrasing, forgotten endnote, writing selected sources and plagiarism from secondary sources.

Background: Burnout and ethical behavior could affect job performance and employee behavior in organization. This survey research was done to investigate the relationship of burnout and ethical behavior at work place. Method: this survey is a correlation study. The study population consisted of all experts of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi organization of Mazandaran province that had at least five years job experience. They worked on twenty counties of the province. Using stratified random sampling, 256 experts were selected for study. Data were gathered by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Burnout can be assessed at medium level. Lack of personal success and depersonalization got maximum and minimum scores respectively. Furthermore, ethical behavior of studied samples can be assessed at medium level. Humanistic relationship and devotion to work got maximum and minimum scores respectively. Number of dependents, distance from home to work, age, work experience staff salary had not significant relationships with the ethical behavior. On the other hand, age, number of dependents, work experience and salaries of staff have significant relationships with burnout. But there was no significant relationship between distance from home to work and burnout. Burnout had a significant negative relationship with ethical behavior at the workplace. Conclusion: Burnout is associated with ethical behavior in the workplace. So, burnout and ethical behavior of employees has mutual influence on each other at work place.

Background: Social capital is the main source of orbit successfully and the ability reliance and finally working conscience in an organization. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and working conscience among employees of Urmia University. Method: This study is a descriptive – correlation research. The population of this research includes 530 staffs who worked in Urmia University. Among all, 225 staffs were selected through random sampling. The Data were collected by using two standard questionnaires; social capital and Working Conscience. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, (MANOVA) and multiple regression analysis. Results: MANOVA test showed that elements of social capital (including all structural elements, cognitive and relational) have impacts on the components of work Conscience. Also, based on multiple regressions analysis, the components of social capital has a positive and significant relationship with orbit successfully and cognitive element can be positively and significantly predict orbit successfully which is indicative of the importance of social capital in organizations. Finally, there is a significant positive relationship between the components of social capital with ability reliance and the structural and the cognitive elements can predict ability reliance positively and significantly. Conclusion: According to the statistical results, there is a positive and significant relationship between the component elements of social capital and working conscience of Urmia University Staff.

Background: Believes and attitudes were always as an important stimulus for human activities; so the present study aimed to investigate the role of ethics and professional qualifications of the teachers' self-efficacy. Method: This study was applied research and descriptive. Therefore, among the 660 community primary teachers from Shahindezh, 244 people (124 women and 120 men) were selected using stratified random sampling. According to the main purpose of the three questionnaire was used, self-efficacy beliefs, ethics and professional competence of teachers and the validity of the questionnaire study using Cronbach's alpha, respectively (α = 0. 93), (α = 0. 89) and (α = 0. 97) was obtained and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the impact factor competencies and professional ethics on teachers' self-efficacy beliefs were, respectively, 0. 55 and 0. 36. The results also indicate that the values of normative chi-square, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and other indexes such as NFI, IFI and CFI each show includes the fitting from model structure, after the modification are desirable and it can be said that the final model fitted well. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be claimed that professional ethics and professional competence of teachers has a positive and significant effect on their self-efficacy beliefs.

Background: Lifestyle is a model of living that it is depending on time and place and it is formed in a cultural, political, religious and economical context. Lifestyle has an important role in individual and social health of citizens and according to the states of Iranian leader; lifestyle is the essential part of development of Islamic civilization. Students, experts and scientists have to attention to pathology of current situation of Iran and solve the problems. The importance of lifestyle in health of physic and spirit leads to the establishment of various educational courses in universities. Authors of the current article along with a group of experts try to establish an M. A courses in health based on the cultural and local factors of Iranian society. The goal of this study is the consideration of ethical codes in codification of educational curriculum. Conclusion: In codification of educational curriculum of lifestyle in health attended to two ethical principles: Beneficence, non-maleficence. The rights of students and citizens are attended carefully and it was tried to determine the rules of experts and educational institutes. Also, cultural, religious and domestic factors are more attended.