Sport Management Journal
Year:2021 | Volume:12 | Issue:4|Papers Count:15

The aim of the present study was to provide a model of the relationship between environmental factors and ethical marketing and its effect on the performance of sportswear producers. This study was descriptivecomparative conducted as a field and included two statistical populations. The first population was comprised of the domestic sportswear producers (N=200); all of them were selected as the research sample. The second population was comprised of the consumers of sportswear. Due to the unknown size of the population, the Cochran's formula was applied and 200 subjects were selected by the convenience random sampling method. Questionnaires were used for data collection. To this end, a researcher-made questionnaire with 34 items and 4 dimensions was used to evaluate environmental factors. In addition, another researcher-made questionnaire comprising of 18 items and 4 dimensions was used to evaluate ethical marketing. A third researcher-made questionnaire comprising of 28 items and 4 dimensions was used to evaluate producers’ performance. The validities of these questionnaires were approved by professors in sport management and marketing. Their reliabilities were evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis of data while the Smart-PLS software was used to investigate the causal relationships of the variables. Results showed a positive and significant relationship between organizational and personal factors and ethical marketing. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between ethical marketing and performance in sportswear producers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of family and friends social support and self-efficacy with the participation of veterans and disabled athletes in physical activities in Khorasan Razavi province. This study was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population consisted of veteran and disabled athletes in Khorasan Razavi province in 2017. The sample consisted of 244 disabled athletes who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect data, demographic characteristics questionnaire, amount of sport partnership questionnaire, self-efficacy questionnaire, family social support questionnaire and social support from friends questionnaire (Lee, Peterson and Dixon, 2010) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and Friedman test using SPSS software version 21. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and the veteran and disabled athletes’ participation in physical activities (r=0. 201) and also between social support of family and friends and athletes’ participation (r=0. 156) (r=0. 221). But self-efficacy and social support of the family and friends were not significant predictors of the participation of veteran and disabled athletes in physical activities. There was a positive and significant relationship between the participation of veteran and disabled athletes in physical activities and self-efficacy, family social support and social support from friends. Also, veteran and disabled athletes receive the most support from the family by providing conditions for travel to training and competition venues and encouraging and positive feedback. They also receive the least support from the family by showing how to exercise correctly.

This study aimed to provide a place branding model based on a macroapproach of recreation, sport, and tourism projects in Isfahan province. A qualitative method and systematic grounded theory were applied in the study. This theory is comprised of three phases of open, selective, and axial coding. The statistical population consisted of all the experts in this field, including outstanding professors of sport management in the field of tourism, managers and deputies of Sport and Youth departments, and knowledgeable experts in this field. 14 subjects were selected with snowball sampling method. The data were collected using scientific sources, such as articles, authentic books, authentic scientific and news websites, and open and in-depth interviews with the sample. To measure their validity, the study findings were presented to the participants; they suggested a model which was analyzed and applied by the researchers. Finally, this research was studied and reviewed by sport management professors who corrected or changed the final model. To check the reliability, auditing procedures and inter-rater reliability methods were used. 78% reliability was indicated between two coding methods which stood for coding reliability. Eventually, the final model was introduced, including the main axes, causal conditions, strategies, contextual conditions, intervening conditions and consequences.

The aim of this study was to analyze those factors affecting the development of sportswear brands. This study was conducted by exploratory mixed method in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, the data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts. Based on the results of this part, a questionnaire was prepared and used in the quantitative section. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by seven sport marketing experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0. 96. The statistical population consisted of professors and faculty members of physical education faculties and physical education students (MSc and PhD). The sample size was determined based on the unlimited population formula and the questionnaire was distributed among 376 subjects electronically by simple random sampling. Finally, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and PLS 2 software and the research model was extracted and validated. The results showed that diversity and innovation in production, strategic planning, target market selection, ranking of sportswear and design tailored to market demand affected the vertical development and application of up-to-date technology in production affected the horizontal development of domestic sportswear brand. According to the research model, it can be said that the internal factors of the company, the external factors of the company, the factors related to the governing bodies, the legal role and the supportive role of the government had the most effect on the development of domestic sport brands.

The present study aimed to investigate how significant and effective the visual attention of the spectators can be for brand visibility, based on neuroscience and eye tracking technique. The present study was applied in terms of objectives and semi-experimental in nature. The statistical population consisted of 75 male football spectators in 5 groups (each group 15 subjects) aged between 18 and 60 who were tested with an eye tracking device according to the neuroscience protocol. For quantitative analysis, the obtained data were transformed into quantitative data using SPSS 25 software and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The variance analysis was used to test the hypotheses (95%). The results showed that the intensity of attitudinal and behavioral support and also interest in football influenced the visual attention to the shirt logo given the stimulant range. It seems that sponsors need to understand conscious and unconscious thoughts and messages of the spectators and align their ads with their specific and desired messages in order to achieve their goals, i. e., to be seen better, and thus to increase the sales and revenue of their products and services through advertising on athletes' shirts.

The aim of this study was to provide an appropriate model to develop the brand equity of the Iran football pro-league. The present study was exploratory in terms of objectives and fundamental in terms of orientation that used the strategy of the grounded theory with a classical (emergent) approach. To collect data, 24 in-depth and unstructured interviews with the sample (21 administrative managers, experts and researchers of football, marketing and branding) were used. Participants were selected theoretically through judgmental and purposive sampling methods until theoretical saturation. The data obtained from interviews and other sources were analyzed during three stages of open, selective and theoretical coding. Ultimately, the final model was formed as a triplex model including institutions, prerequisites and the special process of branding the league. According to the results of the study, as long as there are no major and structural prerequisites, the branding of the football pro-league will not be fruitful. The interaction and the countereffect of the sovereign institutions, the media and the football institutions will determine the extent to which these prerequisites are met; the role of sovereign institutions is very high among them. Therefore, the Organization of the Iran Football League should severely try to fulfill these requirements in addition to focusing on the special activities of league branding.

The aim of this study was to test a model of structural relationships of information technology-communication (ITC) with organizational socialization and social capital management in sport organizations. This study was applied in terms of objectives and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, correlation and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all the employees of Sport and Youth Ministry. 174 employees of this ministry were selected as the sample using Morgan table. In order to collect data, information technology-communication (ITC) questionnaire, organizational socialization questionnaire (OSQ) by Taormina (2004) and social capital management questionnaire (SCQ) by Sayyadi (2008) were used. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and fit indices by SPSS16 and Lisrel8. 2 were used to determine linear relationships of variables and their components and also the model fit. The results showed that information technology-communication had a direct effect on organizational socialization (pc=0. 38) and social capital (pc=0. 34). Organizational socialization had a direct effect on social capital (pc=0. 59). Considering these results, if ITC is optimally applied, high socialization and social capital in sport organizations will be formed which can have positive and constructive effects on preventing negative job consequences.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of organizational envy and bullying with organizational cynicism in physical education teachers with the mediating role of career plateau. This study was quantitative in terms of the main strategy, survey in terms of administrative strategy and descriptive-correlation in terms of the analytical technique. The statistical population consisted of physical education teachers in the south region of West Azerbaijan province (n=420) and 201 subjects were selected by random (convenience) sampling method. The organizational envy questionnaire of Valizadeh, Azerbaijani (2010), organizational cynicism questionnaire of Dean et al. (1998), organizational bullying questionnaire of Inarsen et al. ( 2009) and Allen's career plateau questionnaire (2004) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS 20and Lisrel. 8, 50 Findings showed that the direct effects of organizational envy variable on career plateau variable, organizational envy variable on organizational cynicism, organizational bullying variable on career plateau, organizational bullying variable on organizational cynicism and career plateau variable on organizational cynicism were significant and positive. The indirect path coefficients of organizational envy variable through career plateau on organizational cynicism and organizational bullying variable through career plateau on organizational cynicism were also positive and significant. Therefore, it can be accepted that the spread of organizational bullying and organizational envy leads to career plateau and the outcome will be organizational cynicism. So, it is suggested that managers and policymakers should reduce the norms and behaviors of envy and observe organizational bullying when interacting with teachers in order to reduce their cynicism.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between empowerment and agility of manpower in sport boards of Isfahan city. The present study was descriptive-correlation and applied in terms of objectives. The statistical population included all employees of sport boards in Isfahan city (N=416). 201 subjects were selected as the sample by simple random sampling method using Krejcie and Morgan table (1970). To collect data, two standard questionnaires: Spreitzer Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) and Dyer and Shafer Human Resources Agility Questionnaire (1998) were used. Content and face validity was considered based on the theoretical foundations of professors and experts in this field. The reliability of psychological empowerment and human resources agility questionnaires were 0. 87 and 0. 93 respectively using Cronbach's alpha test. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson test, and multiple regression) were used. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between the empowerment and agility of manpower. Also, all components of empowerment (significance, self-determination, competence and effectiveness) were significant predictors of agility. So it can be stated that increased levels of empowerment of employees in sport boards of Isfahan city can increase their agility level.

The aim of this study was IT infrastructure futurology with an emphasis on sport organizations and to provide a model. The present study was conducted in a mixed method with a phenomenological strategy and in-depth interviews in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of sport experts (technology and knowledge management experts, university professors, role creators of technology and infrastructure of sport organizations) who were familiar with the topic of the study. The data were collected by 15 experts’ viewpoints until theoretical saturation with snowball method. The findings of in-depth interviews were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding and the components of technology infrastructure model in sport organizations were identified; technology knowledge, network communications, data architecture and services, technology management, technology foundations, technology adaptation and speed were the key components of this infrastructure. These coding components were further analyzed by two familiar coders using Max QDA12 software and a contingency coefficient of 81% was achieved. It seems that sport organizations should consider not only the identified variables but also the optimal path of technology infrastructure in the future; so, this model can facilitate the infrastructure of technology startups in sport.

During four decades of glorious revolution, the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been influenced by various macro and micro concepts that have been repeatedly challenged by Western countries especially the United States. US political decision-makers are developing and strengthening their soft power in the world using general diplomacy and specifically sport diplomacy. In the light of recent years' successes in international sports such as 17th place among 206 countries in the Olympics 2012, the Islamic Republic of Iran can use this capacity to expand its interactions in international arena. The aim of the present study was initially to explore those concepts strengthening Iran's soft power through sport and to develop a favorable model of those components developing the diplomatic relations with Western countries especially the United States. Then, SPSS and PLS software were used to investigate the correlation of variables based on Spearman test, exploratory factor analysis and finally structural-interpretive modeling of independent and dependent variables. The findings showed that seven factors of trade development, religious affairs, interactions, cultural affairs, national unity, diplomatic affairs and friendship in four levels were influenced by Iran's international sport environment.

The aim of this study was to describe the performance of the heads of the Iran Physical Education Organization from the beginning. The research method was historical. Physical Education Organization as the main organization responsible for sports in Iran and its management performance are of great importance. In this study, physical education managers who have been involved in planning and drafting the laws and regulations of the National Organization of Physical Education in Iran, were introduced and their management performance were described. In fact, the performance of all the directors or heads of the National Organization of Physical Education in Iran were described from the beginning to 1978 (Pahlavi era). Documents (original sources) prepared by the National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran and old books related to the subject of research were used to collect data. The results showed that some heads of Iran Physical Education Organization such as Alaa, Samii, Izadpanah, Batmanaghlich, Khosravani and Kashani were more successful than others. The results also indicated that some important performances during these years were the enactment of the statute of pioneering and physical education and the establishment of the Sport Center of Iran (by Dr. Samii, 1936), the opening of the 30, 000-spectator Amjadiya Stadium (by Dr. Samii, 1938), the establishment of the National Olympic Committee of Iran (by Dr. Samii, 1946), participation in Olympic Games, hosting of the AFC Asian Cup, the first wrestling championship in the ancient continent of Tehran in 1968 during the Khosravani’ s administration and the dissolution of the Physical Education Organization by the order of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to establish the foundation for new sports in Iran entitled Ministry of Sport and Youth in 1976.

This study aimed to develop a structural model of organizational identity based on organizational intelligence mediated by organizational development in the staff of sport federations in Iran. A correlation experiment was conducted using a structural equation modeling. The statistical sample included 372 subjects selected randomly from all 703 managers and staff employed in Islamic Republic of Iran federations. Organizational identification questionnaire (Cheny, 1983), organizational development questionnaire (Lok Crawford, 2000), and organizational intelligence questionnaire (Albrecht, 2002) with proper validity and reliability were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov– Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling by SPSS24 and LISREL8. 5. The results showed that organizational intelligence had a significant effect on organizational development (impact factor=0. 84) and on organizational identity (impact factor=0. 25) (P<0. 01). Organizational development had a significant effect on organizational identity of sport federations (impact factor=0. 65) (P<0. 01). Organizational intelligence indirectly affected organizational identity (impact factor=0. 55) (P<0. 01). According to findings of this research, it is strongly recommended to consider organizational intelligence and organizational development in order to improve organizational identity of sport federations. Accordingly, the authorities of sport federations should employ organizational intelligence using a proper planning in order to improve organizational development directly and indirectly have more effect on organizational identity of staff.

The aim of this study was to explain the effect of sport activities on social deviations in students of Shahre Kord city. This study was a survey and the questionnaire of social anomalies was used for data collection. The statistical population consisted of all high school students in grade 2 in 2015-2016 academic years in districts 1 and 2 of Shahre Kord city. According to Morgan table, the statistical sample comprised of 292 participants. The results of t test showed that athlete students had lower tendency to social deviations than non-athlete students. Moreover, the results showed that there were some priorities in social anomalies and some of them were more common. Finally, with respect to the role of sport in decreasing social deviations, principals, teachers and parents are recommended to try to have sport as one of the principal leisure options in students’ leisure time planning.

Coronavirus epidemic around the world has had many positive and negative effects on communities and their activities. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of coronavirus outbreak on Iran sport industry. The present study was applied in terms of objectives. The research approach was qualitative, which was conducted by the systematic method of grounded theory. The statistical population of the present study included university professors and experts, manufacturers of sporting goods, heads, supervisors and secretaries of sport federations, managers of premier league sport clubs, managers, deputies and officials of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and Sport and Youth departments and managers of sport complexes. 18 subjects were selected as the sample by snowball and purposive sampling methods. The data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews; the participants were asked to comment on the effects of the coronavirus outbreak on the sport industry. Data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding to calculate the first and second level categories (axes) and their relationships. Based on the results of the analysis of the findings extracted from the interviews, two final dimensions of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the dimensions of the sport industry were identified, which included direct and indirect effects. Accurate identification of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the sport industry can help the process of adapting the activities of this industry to the current situation.