There is no doubt that explicitation is a frequent operation in translation. Under this view all kinds of explicitation would involve addition, and it would indeed be synonymous with addition. This paper will argue the nature of explicitation as a translation strategy and provides insights into the nature of the phenomenon. Also it aims to see how text- type focus informs the translator's decision- making in actual practice. To this end, a contrastive and exploratory analysis of operating instructions in English and Persian was conducted. For comparison the research is based on 20 operating instructions compiled from products and their translations. In order to maintain a certain balance, the sample texts included operating instructions belonging to different products (household appliances, electronic devices and others). This study focuses on texts relating mostly to consumer goods.

This paper starts with Relevance Theory as a major development recognizing that linguistically decoded information usually tends to be very incomplete and that pragmatic inference plays a critical role in the derivation of the proposition explicitly communicated. This not only holds in the case of subsentential utterances, but it is also the case for the vast majority of fully sentential cases (Carston, 1997; Sperber, 1986). Accordingly, what is communicated is usually a set of fully propositional thoughts or assumptions, which are either true or false against an external state of affairs in the world. Next, the paper examines the translation process as proposed by Bell (1991: 213), maintaining that the writer's intention is mediated by the context in which the text was produced, by the writer's assumptions and decisions as for 'what constitutes a relevant and recognizable frame of reference in which to anchor the communication' (Traugottand Pratt 1980: 273) and the conception of the 'ideal reader' who shares the same frame of reference and at whom the text is aimed. The narrowed scope of the present study concentrates on explicitation strategy in translation, which is viewed as a kind of shift between source and target texts, examining its conditions of use (Williams and Chesterman, 2003: 6). The English translation by Edward Rehatsek of the Gulistan of Sa'di (Tashibi, 1988) serves the purpose of the study. Thus, numerous examples are analyzed. This way, the investigation not only unravels the regularities of the translator's behaviour, but also clarifies the general principles that seem to determine how certain things get translated under certain conditions.

The present paper sets out to introduce a model of explicitation in literary translation. The paper opens with a brief review of the notion of explicitation and the way it has been treated in translation taking a lexical approach. Further, our proposed model will be brought forward which will encompass eleven categories of addition to the text where such additions are recoverable from the context and hence believed to pertain to explicitation. The model primarily aims at providing more details than the criteria used for distinguishing explicitation in most research in this area.The examples of explicitation presented for each category are taken from English translations of modern Persian literary texts in the study. The paper may shed light on explicitation as a tendency observed in translations and its different types of occurrence and can be used in translation training courses. Moreover, the model may well serve as a means to enhance self-awareness in translators helping researchers in psycholinguistic-oriented approaches to the study of translation.

Simultaneous decoding and encoding of information in source and target languages comprise the two major components of the simultaneous interpretation as an interactional process. The interpreter is simultaneously involved in decoding of information in the source language and encoding of information in the target language (Chesterman, 2016; Gile, 2018). Parallel corpora are derived from two languages, including source texts and their translations (Zuffery, 2017).Explicitation, as a general tendency or one of the universals of translation, is a strategy in which the implicit information of the source text is made explicit in the process of translation (Blum-Kulka 1986; Dimitrova, 2005). The bases of explanations originates from comparative analysis of parallel texts in source and target languages. What is the rationale behind the studies in explicitation? It is maintained that explicitation is a universal property in translation, revealing its crucial role, significance, and status in translation. Findings obtained from empirical studies can consequently be supposed to be generalizable to other language-related studies.Explicitations in translation are initiated by demands of the communicative conditions and situations. Moreover, due to the anticipated differences and variations appearing in culture and world knowledge, translators foresee some problems for the target language reader to comprehend the text. Therefore, they use explicitation as a strategy to solve those anticipated problems and facilitate the understanding of the target text for the reader (Chesterman 2016; Klaudy 1998).The analysis and investigation of the system of decoding and encoding in process of simultaneous interpretation is generally carried out in the framework of metadiscourse and interpreter’s discursive activities. According to Hyland (2005), in metadiscourse and discursive practices, the investigator tries to study and analyze the processes of production and comprehension of discourse based on social context and social situations. The analysis of these metadiscourse and discursive practice revealed that all these activities involve modification and change on behalf of the speaker/writer and audience. According to Dass and Taboada (2017) and Egg (2010), the analysis of parallel corpora revealed that the themes and issues of modification, substitution, and manipulation generally are directed to coherence relations in discourse. As a result, investigators resorted to the integration of translation studies and discourse investigations (Crible et al, 2019). Consequently, such an integration would result in a new methodology in discourse studies and suggest new models for analysis.The present paper tries to analyze the conditions, causes, and basis of different types of explicitation in the process of monitoring discourse based on analyzing translation of discourse markers (DMs) in simultaneous interpretation through translation spotting to design a model. In pragmatic investigations, researchers try to analyze the natural processing and use of language within the framework of social communicative settings (Yule, 2011). Discourse monitoring is among the basic issues in human communication and has crucial consequences in people’s social life. In the process of production, configuration, structuration, and comprehension of discourse, speaker/writer and audience apply discourse markers to create coherence in discourse based on grammatical elements, semantics, and pragmatics. DMs are the most frequent, creative, practical, and influential variables in the process of creation, analysis, and understanding of discourse (Fraser, 2006; Mohammadi, 2015). DMs are applied to improve and support the coherence of text, substantiate the activation of people's mind and language in the process of creation and interpretation of discourse, and prepare the ground for coherence and relevance in discourse. Achieving the above-mentioned objectives and aims depends on the precise, appropriate, professional, and creative application of DMs (Aijmer, 2002; Anderson, 2001; Schiffrine, 1987). There are different research positions and assumptions about the translation of DMs and Furku (2014) believes that the most straightforward translation strategy for discourse markers is omission. The present research tries to investigate translation strategies of DMs in simultaneous interpretation based on the following questions:To what extent is explicitation applied in the process of translating DMs in simultaneous interpretation?What are the different manifestations and strategies of explicitation in translating DMs in the process of discourse creation in simultaneous interpretation?

This study intends to provide some deeper insight into the notion of explicitation through studying text type which has not been fully studied in Persian as far as the researchers know. It holds Reiss' text type theory as a starting point to conduct a descriptive research. Explicitation as a cohesive device at levels of lexis and syntax is the focus of this study. Thus, the purpose is to observe the behaviour of explicitation at lexical and syntactic levels with regard to two types of text (informative and expressive), both qualitatively and quantitatively. In this study, three narrative and three scientific texts (translated from English into Persian) are taken as the corpus for expressive and informative text types. The findings clearly indicated that explicitation is text type dependent and expressive texts showed higher level of explicitness in comparison to informative texts.

The present study aims to test Explicitation Hypothesis using a parallel one-directional Persian-English corpus. To this end, ten anecdotes selected randomly form Sa' di's Golestan and their three English translations extracted from Gulistan's translations by Edward Rehatsek (2004), Edward B. Eastwick (1979), and James Ross (1890) were studied. The anecdotes and their translations were compared sentence by sentence to investigate aspects of explicitation and extract the explicitation cases using Klaudy's (2004) typology. The findings of the study confirmed the Explicitation Hypothesis and showed that all types of explicitation, namely obligatory, optional, pragmatic, and translation-inherent were used by the translators, with the obligatory explicitation having the highest frequency.

In the present paper, syntactic omission convections in English are investigated on the basis of Dixon (2005) in translations from Persian for their being rendered explicit through translation. The data of the study entails Persian literary texts from different literary genres, namely fiction, poetry, and drama. The study is in line with that carried out by Olahan (2001) which explored syntactic omission conventions in the translated English corpora of BNC and TEC. The present research is an attempt to investigate the findings presented by Olahan yet across three literary genres and to inspect the behavior of optional syntactic explicitation pertaining to fiction, poetry, and drama translations. The results of the study revealed that explicitation of syntactic optional structures is a prevalent norm in modern Persian-English translations of literary texts and that among the proposed conventions, explicitation of the complementiser THAT followed by that of relative pronouns proves the most frequent in all literary genres; yet, in other sub-categories, our findings do not confirm Olahan’s. The findings reveal that explicitation is applied as a literary device in literary translation.

Importance and significant role of the media discourse in general, and newspapers, in particular, on awareness, as well as directing and shaping public opinion is clear for every individual. In the second chapter of the press law that is related to the mission of the press; one of the missions is "To enlighten public opinion and raising the level of their knowledge". This paper examines the level of awareness, clarity of expression (explicitation) or vice versa, implicitation in some literary texts within the framework of the analysis of critical discourse of Norman Fairclough. Discourse-oriented structures of these texts include nomenclature and references, metaphors, irony and allegory. Data examination of this paper suggests that the application of the three components of metaphor, irony and allegory in the texts leads to the explicitation and implicitation. Regarding the manner of application, nomenclature and reference component can be resulted in the explicitation or implicitation and the fact that the newspapers describe the events based on their own views, ideologies and intended targets.

This article is a contrastive study to investigate the transformation of language differences from source language to target language during the process of translation. The very first emphasis of the present article is to make clear the differences of cohesive tools (in this study, conjunctions) in the source language (the Arabic language of the Holy Qur' an) and the target language (the English translations of the Qur' an) and the explicitation of these tools in the translated texts. For this, the surah of Yusuf has been contrastively compared with its five English translations, i.e. translations of M.H. Shakir, Mohsin Khan, M. M. Pikthhal, Yusuf Ali. A. Qaribullah. The results show that the differences of cohesive tools in the source and target languages need a high amount of explicitation during the process of translation. Meanwhile, this study clarifies the two strategies which translators generally adopt for explicitation of the source text.

This article takes textuality as a promising approach toward the study of explicitation as a feature of translation product and process. Thus, it examines the textual instances of explicitation extracted from "Introductory" and two chapters of Sa' di's Gulistan translated by Edward Rehatsek (1964) in terms of features of textuality. In this study, Klaudy's (1998) categorization of explicitation and Neubert and Shreve's (1992) model of textuality are used as the theoretical frameworks for explicitation and features of textuality, respectively. Data analysis shows that all types of explicitation involve a shift in the direction of conformity with features of textuality in the target language. In other words, the translator has reconfigured the patterns of intentionality, acceptability, situationality, informatively, coherence, cohesion and intertextuality to put the original text in the communicative matrix of the target language. As the translator's communicative behavior is regular and norm-governed and the translatoris a professional one, exploitation in this study can be said to be a professional norm of communication and features of textuality are the conditions under which this norm is operating.