Year:2003 | Volume:16 | Issue:60 (IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:16

Different methods of extraction and environmental factors can effect on essential oils compounds. In this research, flower of Tripleuropermum disciforme (C.A.Mey) Bip. Plant were collected during the flowering period from field medicinal plants of botanical garden of Hamedan province. Then essential oils were obtained by different steam distillation desinged apparatus by jaimand- Rezaee, plan -1 and plan-2. Essential oils content were 0.21% and 0.37% yield respectively. The oil samples were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The major constituent of the sample (plan-I) were viridiflorene (41.2%), trans- trans- matricaria ester (31.9%), b-sesquiphellandrene (8.8%) and trans- matricaria ester (4.9%) and in plan-2 were trans- trans- matricaria ester (51%), viridiflorene (13%) and trans-matricaria ester (9.8%) .trans-trans-matricaria ester have medical acitity. Then we could select best apparatus for extraction of this compound from extracted essential oil.

This research was carried out to determine the effect of sampling time and type of area on the chemical composition and digestibility of Halaloxylon. The samples were taken in May, June, July and October from Kerman's ranges (Joopar road), Zarand and Rafsanjan (Noogh road). On the basis of Domarten climatic system, Kerman's climate is arid and that of Rafsaunjan and Zarand are semi-arid. The measured chemical compositions were NDF, ADF, ash, Ca, P, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The dry matter digestibility was determined by two stages in-vitro technique with rumen liquor and pepsin. The mean value of NDF, ADF, Cp, ash, Ca, p, Mg and k were 38.12%, 21.2%,10.63, 28.73%, 1.7%, 0.17%, 1.6% and 1.3% in all samples respectively. The means of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentration were 182.19, 218.47, 7.44 and 26.45 p.p.m respectively. The dry matter digestibility coefficient for all the smaples was 0.59. The Sampling time effect on NDF was significant (p<0.001), but it was no affected by area. Crude protein was affected significantly by both sampling date (p<0.001) and area (p<0.001). Sampling date and area had no significant effect considering ADF, ash, Ca, p and Mg While K (p<0.01) was affected only by sampling date. Coefficient of digestibility (p<0.01) and Zn concentration (p<0.05) also were significantly affected by sampling date. The reduction in crude protein content found in this research was in agree with other researches conducted on the other rang plants while this reduction in NDF and ADF was apposite the other foundings and it could be due to seed formation.

In this research sampling of Azolla was done in the southwest (Siahkeshim), center (Hendekhaleh) and east (Sheijan) of the Anzali Lagoon for two seasons (Summer and Autumn 2001). Extraction of organophosphorus and organochlorine compounds in Azolla were done by mixture of methylene chloride- acetone solvents. Separation and identification of compounds in extracted samples were done by GC- NPD, ion trap and quadrupole GC/MS Sequentially. The most important pollutant identified in Azolla was Fenitrothion pesticide. Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) technique was also used for further confirmation of Fenitrothion and the quantitative analysis was done by GC-NPD. The highest concentration of Fenitrothion in Azolla on wet weight basis was 591 ng/g in the southwest region and the lowest concentration 341 ng/g in the east region of Lagoon in Summer.

Floodwater spreading over the alluvial cones in the basin outlets aiming the exploitation of floodwaters with sudden inevitable occurannce, establishment of suitable fanning lands on alluvial cones, is the fastest, the most economic can the most scientific method for emploitation and storage of water produced by wadi floodwater and seasonal rivers and also entra flows of permanent rivers under management. Floodwater control, artificial recharge of aquifers and endeavour to optimize exploitation from natural resources are the most important measures taken in floodwater spreading in arid and semiarid zones. Though using any kind of water with good quality is suitable for this floodwater due to amplitude and being free of charge and the need to decrease its risks and damages is inevitably used. Although regarding optimum use of water and soil, which is the important principle in flood extension, irrigation of pastures is performed in the largest area and the artificial recharge of aquifers is fulfilled in the smallest area. Nevertheless, the importance of recharging depleted aquifers of our country and the reclamation and improvement of the distorted pastures, running sand stablizition and finally the conservation of soil and decrease of the damages on one hand and the unexpensiveness of network estabilishment and ample economic yield on the other hand make the floodwater extension practical and reasonable in the largest possible area. Regarding the dispersion and expansion of the zones suitable for floodwater spreading systems establishment and the variety main factors affecting their design and implementation, the evaluation of the function of different components of floodwater spreading systems established in various districts of the country seems necessary. Thus, the study of the reasons for occurrence of problem regarding these systems with the definition of research projects implementation takes special place. To realize this important idea, analytic study of existing shortcomings in the function of component of floodwater spreading systems and classification and presentation of advantages and disadvantages of these systems will be a proper base ahead of researches to define and implement research plans in this field. Thus, in this paper while explaining and analysing the used guidelines and criteria in site selecting, designing implementing of the 36 floodwater spreading stations, the titles of related research plans have been presented regarding existing problems.

Response of diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) of 34-year-old Pinus eldarica Medw. trees to slope and aspect variations was investigated in Lavizan Forest Park, northwest of Tehran. For this purpose, in 2001, in part of this forest park, 57 sample plots were selected at four main geographical aspects and two slopes of 0-15% and 16-40%. In each sample plot, DBH and H of seven trees were measured. The results indicate that Slope affects DBH, aspect affects DBH contrary to slope, aspect affects DBH and H, and interaction of aspectx slope is marginally significant on H. Without considering the slope, the highest trees are found on eastern and aspect and the thickest trees on eastern and southern aspects. Generally, it can be deduced that from viewpoint of suitability resultant, amount of DBH and H of Pinus eldarica trees appears in eastern aspect. In order to increase quantity of these characters, plantation of this species in similar ecological regions can be suggested on eastern aspect and then on northern and western aspects.

In order to use lignocellulusic materials (non forest) grown in Iran, This study has been conducted on feasibility of using amygdal tree brnaches mixed with poplar particles for making particleboard. Urea-formaldeid was used as binder (10% based on oven dry wood) and Amonium coloride as catalizor. Among parameter affecting particleboard properties, three parameters were selected as dependet: Percentage of amygdale tree branches in mixture (0, 15, 30, 45, 100%), Press pressure 4 Mpa and 10Mpa, and Press temperature 14oc and 16oc. Other process parameters were kept constant. Three boards were made in each conditions cut from produced particleboards and tested. Results showed that increase Amygdale tree branches in mixture causes some decrease in internal bond .Optimized treatment was introduced as below percentage of amygdale tree branches in mixture (15-30%), Press pressure 10M pa and Press temperature 160oc.

The sand dunes of Khuzestan, with an area of 350000 hectares, includes 5.3 percent of the whole province. Since 1995-1999, annually on average, for the biological stability of the sand dunes, 1160and 1632hectares have undergone mulching and plantation respectively. Despite of protecting economical sources of the province, this process has tremendous effects from the environmental point of view. Tamarix aphylla, Ziziphus spina-christi, Eucalyptus camaldulensis 9616 and Prosopis juliflora are the four most important plant species which are planted for stabilization of sand particles. One of the most important pests, which damages these plants and may demolish them, is the sand termite or Psammotermes hybostoma. Selecting resistant plants to this termite species would reduce the sand stabilization costs on these lands. For the purpose of selecting resistant species among the ones available, 64 blocks of wood with the dimensions of 1O.5x4.5x5cm. From each 13 years old undamaged trunk of the four species were used. The blocks were buried in sand in the depth of 30cm. for 3 summer months. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical analysis of the wood of the Plant species was specified. Results showed that 72.5, 47.5, 25 and 15percents of the wooden blocks belong to T. aphylla, Z. spina-christi, E. camaldulensis 9616 and P. juliflora were respectively infected with the termite. The feeding indices (reduction of wood due to termite feeding + reduction of wood due to evaporation) were 27.3, 18, 10.5 and 3.9 percent for T. aphylla, Z. spina-christi, E. camaldulensis 9616, and P. juliflora respectively. The actual feeding of temite from 1000 grams blocks of each plant species were 6.2, 4.2, 1.6 and 1.3percentively.These experiments showed that the tree species P. juliflora was the most resistant among the four plant species.

Euproctis chrysorrhoea is an important defoliator of oak and a number of hardwood tree species. Its irritant hairs make it a sanitary important insect on humans. Introduction of a suitable biological agent with the other control measures is quite important especially in the case of population outbreaks. V. lecanii strain DAOM 198499 grown on a solid culture medium was used for pathogenicity and bioassay procedures. Suspensions of 104, 105, 106, 107 and 108conidia/ml with a control (distilled water) containing Triton X-100 was used on third instar larvae in a complete randomized design with three replications. In other experiments, treatments included two suspensions (106 and 108 conidia/ml) and two durations of 97±2 percent RH supply (24 and 48 hours after spore application), with or without desiccant material on third instar larvae. A factorial complete randomized design was applied. In the first experiment suspensions of 107and 108 conidia/ml gave a significantly better result than the others (p<0.01).LC5o, determined by proc probit analysis required a concentration of 7.2x106 conidia/ml. Over 50% larval mortality was observed only in 107and 108 conidia/ml suspensions and LT50 was measured by life test procedure as 7±0.31 and 5±0.22 days, respectively. Maintenance for 48 hours at high RH gave an average mortality rate of 90.95%, significantly different from the 40.44% mortality rate after 24 hours (p<0.01).This is the first report of the pathogenicity of this strain of Verticillium lecanii on brown tail moth larvae.

Ghamisheleh forests located at 36 km of northern Marivan, Kurdistan province, were quantitatively analyzed. on the basis of IVI ( Importance Value Index), a total of two forest types, Quercus libani Oliv. on north, north west and north east and, Quercus brantii Lindl. on south, south east, south west and east, aspects. Spatial patterns of species distribution were characterised by clumped (contagious) distribution in all forest types. The mean total tree basal area (25.4, 22.9 m2/ha) were exhibited by Quercus libani and Quercus brantii types, respectively and the total density (494.1, 429.7 tree/ha) were determined by Quercus libani and Quercus brantii types, respectively. Maximum IVI among all the aspects was shown by Quercus libani (238.1). Minimum similarity coefficient was observed between north, north east, north west and south, south east, south west, east.

Acacia totilis, flat topped or umbrella shaped tree up to 4 meters high, occurs at coast of Persian gulf and Oman sea in Hormozgan province, species often grows on the arid alluvial areas, belongs to Mimosaceae family with four subspecies and is very distinctive and very easily recognized with the characteristic of mixture of long straight spines and shorter hooked ones combined with spirally twisted pods. The sub species which grows naturally in south of Iran, Hormozgan province is tor1ilis .In this work several aspects of this species were deal with .Two bruchidae species including Pachymerus acaciae and Bruchidius sahlbergi were collected and recognized for the first time on this species. Chemical compositions of edible parts sush as immature seeds, fruits, mature seeds and leaves showed that are more in rich in content of crude protein than alfalfa forage .The microscopic different sections of wood are described and flora of Acacia tortilis sites is reported. Vegetative regrowth begins in late August and the plant is covered by leaves in December and the defoliation starts in June. The time of flowering begins from late April Approximately while plant flowers in June completely .This promising species is the best tree in stabilizing sand dunes and its shade reducing temperature and evapotranspiration in arid environments of area. This species is suitable for soil protection, reclaim waste lands and considered as a main source of animal food for cattle, sheep and goats. Field observations have indicated a high acceptance of this plant fruits and tuigs by animals especially sheep and goats Acacia tortilis is suitable for constructional purposes and miscellaneous uses such as sleepers, tool handles ,fence posts, agricultural implements, animals blocks, mallets heads and fuel wood.

Hydrothermal alteration zones have significant role in prospecting of epithermal mineral deposits. In this research, hydrothermal alteration zones in Tarom range in Iran have been investigated using image processing of remotely sensed data. The effectiveness of TM data for detecting alteration zones has been assessed. Three band color composite images produced based on optimum Index Factor (OIF) method and known spectral reflectance properties of rocks and alteration minerals in relation to TM bands. The color composite of TM bands, RGB (1,5,7), RGB (1,4,7) and RGB( bl-b2, M-b2, b5-b7) achieved the most effective method for separation of hydrothermal alteration ( high, medium and low) zones. The color composite of TM bands, 5,3 and 1 displayed as RGB revealed the best band combination for identification of rock types. In the study area, at this image, the Youzbashchai pluton is clearly highlighted and for the first time is reported. Also, supervised and unsupervised classification of the images confirmed the outcrop of Youzbashchai pluton. The results indicate about 15% of volcanic rocks of Tarom range is altered. This means that hydrothermal alteration affect in widespread region at Tarom range.

In this study, constituents of essential oils of Zhumeria majdae at the before of flowering, flowering time and end of flowering in Tangezagh mount of Hormozgan province were compared together. Essential chromatogram of Zhumeria majdae showed that 18 compounds at first, 14 compounds at second and 20 compounds at third stages were determined. Oil yield in three stages were 5.5, 5.3 and 11.1 percent. Linalool (54.1-69.2), Camphore (18.8-24.8), Limonene (4.5-6.1), Camphene (2.5-3.9), Borneol (0.6-3.7) and Alpha pinene (1-1.5) were higher than 90 percent of essential contents. Camphore, Limonene, Camphene, Alpha Pinene, Alpha Campholenal, Terpinen-4-ol, Cis and Trans Linalool oxide, Octan 3-one, Alpha Terpineol and Para Cymene in the before of flowering, Borneol, Cis Jasmone, Octa 3-Carene and Beta Bisabolene in flowering time and Linalool, Beta Ocimene, Terpinolene, Neral, Nerol, Geranial, Geraniol, Gama Terpinene and Myrcene in the end of flowering were more.

Nowadays geomorphology studies are considered as the basis of the studies in natural resources. In this study characteristics of the natural environment of Miankaleh and Gorgan Gulf basins as well as basins of mountainous areas between Behshahr and Neka (Jahan Moureh Mountains) have been evaluated. In addition, the vegetation cover based on geomorphology and soil w1its have been examined. The purpose of this study was realizing the precise relation and role of each of the environmental factors, such as soil, climate, and hydrologic status in providing vegetational cover of each geomorphological unit in the region. Therefore, environmental parameters were evaluated in each geomorphological unit based on a combination of Brown-Blanke and Kochler methods. In order to obtain basic maps, we used topographic maps ( 1: 50000), aerial photos (1: 20000), geology maps ( I: 250000), local visits, and morphologic maps. In addition, maps showing hydrography, lithology, height, slope and direction were used for this purpose. The obtained maps along with field visits were used for providing the geomorphologic map in order to carry out geomorphology studies. As a result, two geological periods (second and forth periods) with 4 types and 14 facies were identified in the area. In the climatology section, statistical data, obtained from meteorology stations in the area, as well as isohyet, isotherm and isovap maps were used and the climate of the region was spectified through Ambrgeh and Domarten methods (I). In addition, physiographical studies and qualitative / quantitative hydrological reviews were carried out at this stage. For pedoligy purposes, profile digging and studying was carried out inside each geomorphological unit after sampling from different layers and analyzing the samples, the type of the soil was specified and new classifications were introduced. Then, according to Kovada Formula, the critical depth of the aquifer was determined In order to determine plant communities and units in each geomorphological unit; we carried out sampling and field crowing through florstic-physiognomic methods. Information such as the list of species, based on growth form, crown coverage and height were registered in floristic-physiognomic analysis list through the above-mentioned informations, some 67 plant species in 31 plant units were identified. This study showed that the best methods for evaluating environmental variables in each plant community are those which choose geomorphological units as the basis of the study. Therefore, the florstic-physiognomic method is introduced as the best method for identifying plant communities which reflect the current situation.