Year:2003 | Volume:15 | Issue:3-4 (56-57 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:20

Achillea millefolium is a self-growing plant, which grown in parts of Asia and Europe, and is very important medical plant. Some studies indicated that 90% of freshly harvested seeds of this species have shown dormancy that causes reduction in seed viability. According to ISTA reports, the dormancy in family of Asteraceae is often physiologic. Five pronances of this species were collected from Ardabil, Challus, Feareidounshahre, Goldasht and Dehagh Paiin and seed dormancy breaking treatments were done in completely randomized design with four replications. These Treatments were: alternative and constant temperatures, dark/light regime (dark 16/light 8), prechilling and using chemical stimulators such as GA3 KNO3 and thiorea. In each test, the germination percentage, speed of germination, velocity coefficient, mean daily germination and correlation coefficient were measured. Variance analysis showed that the best dormancy breaking treatments for A. millefolium seed respectively were a (500 ppm GA3b) 0.2% KNO3 dark/light regime (dark 16h/light 8h) and alternative temperature (20°c/30°c). Also high correlation between germination percentage and speed of germination was observed. This indicates that the speed of germination, also, could be the best indicator for evaluation of viability of this species. the duncan test showed that there are significant difference (p< 0.01) between pronances, and Feareidunshahre pronance has the highest seed viability about 96%.

In this article 90 species of weed seedlings along with their identification keys are introduced from Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, which are collected from cereal, sunflower, alfalfa, soyabean, rape and cotton farms. Some crops such as rice is dominant in Gilan, wheat, in Mazandaran and cotton in Golestan provinces, and the effort was made to collect weeds from dominant crops. The list of weed seedlings is provided in the Persian text.

To study the amount and timing of nitrogen application effect on wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) impact on yield and yield components of winter wheat, an experiment was conducted in 2001at farm research of Mashhad College of agriculture. Split plot design with three replications was used with factorial of weed density (0, 8, 16, and 32 Plant m-2) and nitrogen (low = 100, optimum = 150, and high =225 Kg.ha1) as main plot. The sub plot included nitrogen split pattern (P1 =1/3 at planting time + 2/3 at tillering, P2=1/3 at planting time + 1/3 at tillering+ 1/3 at shooting) Three parameters rectangular hyperbolic model, was fitted to yield and yield components data. Our results showed that nitrogen split pattern had no significant effect on competition between wild mustard and wheat. The study of yield and yield components of wheat demonstrated that increasing wild mustard density reduced wheat biological and economic yield due to reduced tiller and ear number per unit area and seed per ear. The economic yield reduction was greater than biological yield. In each condition competitive ability of individuals of wild mustard in high and low nitrogen rates was higher than optimum nitrogen rate.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) from family of Fabaceae grows extensively in farms and rangelands in Iran. Cytogenetic study is very important for plant improvement. In order to morphology of chromosomes in three cultivars (Maopa, Hamedani, CUF101) of medic ago, 10-100slidesamplefor each cultivar were prepared and studied, using their root meristem after fixation, hydrolysis and staining stages. Cytogenetic investigations showed that each three cultivars were 2n=4x=32. Karyotypic formula of Hamedani & CUF101 was 6M + 6SM + 4AC and at Maopa cultivar was 4M+8SM+4AC and chromosomes can were paired upon morphologic resemblants. Chromosomes number 1 with 3,2 with 5,6 with 7, 10 with 11, 12 with 13, 15 with 16 were paired and formed four covalant. Lenght of the tallest and the shortest chromosome in Hamedani & CUF101 cultivars were 1.8m to 10 1m respectively, but this values was exterminated in Maopa cultivar 1.9m. 1.1m Maopa cultivar has more symetric, because has the most TF percent.

In order to investigate the effects of different tillage methods on agronomic performance of sunflower (Helianths annus L) varieties in a double cropping system after winter barley, a two year experiment was conducted during 1999-2000growing seasons in research farm, faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman. Experimental design was split plot with four replications. Treatments were different combination of 3 sunflower varieties: Zaria, Record, and Azargol (CMS19 x R43) as main plots; and 3 tillage methods; a: no tillage (NT); b: minimum (Conservation) tillage (MT);c: Conventional tillage (CT) as sub plots. Results showed that sunflower seed yield was significantly affected by tillage methods and varieties. Azargol hybrid showed higher yield in no till and conservation till treatments. Head diameter was significantly affected by tillage methods and varieties. Azargol had highest head diameter. Seed numbers / head declined significantly in no – till treatments. 1000 seed weight was most significantly different in Record and Azargol in all tillage methods; but this trait was declined in no till treatment in 3 varieties. Seed oil (%) was not significantly different in different varieties and tillage methods. However, results indicated that sunflower as second crop after barley; Azargol as a convenient variety, and conservation tillage as well as conventional tillage; could be used in Kerman.

The soil salinity is important parameter affecting the design of subsurface drainage and the land reclamation projects. The main aim of this research is the study of spatial variability and estimation of soil salinity data. The data set consisted of 638 sampling points with an average distance of 600 m, three depths of 0-50, 50-100 and 100- 150 cm, in Shib-Ab and Posht-Ab Payeen regions of Sistan plain. In this research the ordinary kriging, logkriging and cokriging have been used and precision of each method was evaluated by the cross - validation technique. The results showed that precision of all experimental semivariograms were low with a CO/sill of 89%, 83% and 75% for ordinary kriging, logkriging and cokriging, respectively. The logkriging method had the highest precision (MAE equal to 12. 375 dS/m) for estimation of soil salinity. In each depth, the MAE of all methods has been compared with is average amounts. The results showed that the relative error of all methods reduced from surface layer to subsurface layers. Consequently, the results indicated low spatial correlation for soil salinity in Sistan plain.

In order to study some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Pyrus lonicera Type in the Boraq region of Sepidan district of the Fars province of Iran, a part of the region was selected as sample site. The boundaries of the research site were determined on a topographical map. Having visted the region, 25 sample 500m2 plots were selected at random. The information about the species type, diameter at breast height (dbh), total condition have been registered the dates were analyzed statistically using a MstatC software. The related graphs were drawn using a Excel software. The results showed that there are 121.8 stems per hectare in the region of them 68.8 stems were from Pyrus glabra. The total crown coverage was 15.4 percent of that 10.5 percent belonged to Pyrus glabra.

In order to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on agronomic criteria of two popular varieties of six row - winter barley (Valfajr, Karoon Darkavir); in Kerman, an experiment was conducted during growing seasons of 137B - 79 and 1379 – 80 The experiment was on the basis of split plot design with 4 replications. Treatments were combination of two barley varieties and three levels of tillage methods (a: conventional tillage, b: conservative or minimum tillage, and c: no tillage). The results illustrated that yield of Karoon dar kavir was significantly higher than Valfajr yield in 3 tillage methods. Valfajr yield was higher in conservative tillage; and tillage methods had no effect on Karoon darkavir yield. Number of fertile tillers /m2 was higher in 3 tillage methods, especially in no tillage. Number of seed / spike and 1000 seed weight were not significantly affected by tillage methods; but interaction effects of tillage methods and varieties on these two different variables were significant. Different tillage did not change harvest index and seed protein content in both varieties. The result indicated that Karoon darkavir could lead to higher yield, compare to Valfajr in Kerman; but both varieties are suitable for conservation and no tillage methods than conventional.

The host-parasite relationship of oilseed rape cultivars K. 16, Global, Cobra and Tower were determined against sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in a glasshouse test. A suspension of 1200 freshly hatched J2 was injected in to the soil around the seedlings. After 3 days and twice a week, roots of 3 plants of each cultivar were checked for nematodes and different stages of juvenile development hosts of H. shcachtii, as juveniles penetrated roots and developed to mature egg laying females. Second stage juveniles penetrated the roots of all cultivars during the 18 days of the experiment and third and forth stage juveniles were developed from the 6th and 12th day respectively. Adult males and white females were detected in soil of all cultivars after 21 days. The nematode reproduction factor was more than cultivars. Furthermore, total number of cyst, eggs and juveniles were high lest of all in K. 16, and nearly three times that of Tower and Cobra, although the differences were not significant.

In this research the interaction of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) with cytokinines Banzil-Adenine, Forfiril- min and Adenine on the callus production and organogenesis of Nicotiana plant tissue was investigated. For this purpose MS basal medium and different concentrations of cytokinines and PHA were applied. Two levels (2 and 3 ppm) of PHA and two levels (0.1 and 1 ppm) of cytokinines were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replication. Explants from fifth leaf lamina of Nicotiana tabacum were selected and cultured on the culture medium. Subsequently, explants transferred to 26±2 degree of centigrade under 16 h. daylight with 1500 lux intensity. The fresh and dry weight explants after fourty days were recorded. Because of heteroscedasticity within treatments in the experiment, the treatments were divided into two groups (groups one and two) and analysis of variance was performed for each group separately. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the treatments in the two groups for fresh weight, but for dry weight the differences were observed among the first group. Comparison of treatment means by Duncan's - multiple range test (p=%5) indicated that the treatment of (BA 1ppmx PAH 2ppm) and treatment of (BA 1ppmxPHA 3ppm) for fresh weight and treatment of (FA 1ppmxPHA 3ppm), (BA 1ppmxPHA 2ppm), (BA 1ppmxPHA 3ppm) and (Fd 1ppmxPHA 2ppm) for dry weight were superior than other treatments. So the treatments with BA 1ppm or FA 1ppm and 2 or 3ppm of PHA showed fresh and dry weight more than other treatments, and produce seedling from steam and root.

The effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth, physiological index, forages and grain yield of two maize hybrid including single cross 704 and three way cross 647 were studied in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at experimental farm of faculty of agriculture of Tehran University in year 2000. Planting pattern treatment was include normal planting and two rows planting on the wide ridge (every other furrows removal) and plant density treatment incased 70000, 80000 and 90000 plant per hectare. The results of experiment showed that grain yield, forage yield and total dry matter accumulation were increased with increasing of plant density and physiological indexes including leaf area index, crop growth rate and leaf area duration increased and net assimilation rate decreased and greatest amount of grain and forage yield obtained in 90000 plant/hectare densities. Planting pattern treatment had a very significant effect on grain and forage yield and the greatest amount of grain and forage yield and physiological indexes including leaf area planting pattern. Among the two corn cultivar, the single cross 704 has higher grain and forage yield and total dry matter accumulation than three ways cross 647 and there was a negligible differences in physiological indexes of two cultivars.

Effect of soil fertilization systems on yield quality of fennel (Foeniculum vu/gare Mill) a medicinal herbaceous plant was carried out in field experiment, in Alborz research center, Karaj/Iran in 1996-97. The treatments were various levels of chemical fertilizers (N.P.K), used in commercial agricultural systems, different levels of manure, used in sustainable (organic) systems, mixture of different ratios of fertilize and manure and without fertilizer and manure (control). The experiment was conducted using completely randomized block experimental design with three replications. The experiment showed that the intermediate treatment "30 tonha-1 of manure mixed with N=80, P=64 and K=80 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers" produced the highest amount of essential oil with 3.182, percent. The main essential oil components of fennel seed including anethole, fenchone, limonene and methyl cervical were studied. The anethole as the most important component of the essential oil, in treatment "20 ton ha-1 of manure mixed with N=40, P=28 and K=40 kgha-1 of chemical fertilizers" had the highest amount and increased by 74.38%. Thus, the anethole in the above treatment comparison to the control, chemical and organic treatments, increased by 36. 10, 28.06 and 20.75 percent, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, the intermediate soil nutrition system (fertilizer and manure) was introduced for sustainable agriculture.

Many studies had been done on the microorganisms which were able to fix nitrogen recently. Agrobacterium has been added to this list. Agrobacterium belong to the family Rhizobiaceae. For study of the role of this bacterium in nirtogen fixation, the effects of this system on three different cultivars of Medicago namely Bami, Australian and American were investigated. In this study either mutate Sinorhizobium meliloti, which lack plasmid (nifH-nod+, nifK-) or carries plasmid nifH-nod+(pSRk9) was used and compared with wild type and control. Analysis of variance showed that there was not any significant differences in height of those plants inoculated with nifH- when compared with control plant, but a significant increase in length was observed in plants inoculated with nifK-(PSRK9).The results showed that when plants were inoculated with sinorhizobium which contain nirtogen fixing system nifK-(PSRK9), the net production increased in all cultivars (based on dry weight). Sinorhizobium which carries plasmid, especially nifK-(SPRK9) had much higher number of active and large nodules which indicates nifK- is effective in nitrogen fixation. For determination of the quality of proteins which resulted from direct effects of nitrogen fixation in agrobacterium electrophoresis system was used the results indicated that there is not any differences in protein type. Sinorhzobium which carries plasmid of that lack plasmid but significant differences in total protein which accumulated in plants inoculated with different sinorhizobium was observed.

Energy efficiency of different methods of soil fertilization in agro ecosystems of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) were investigated in a field experiment at Alborz research center, Karaj / Iran in 1996-97. The treatments include various levels of manure, used in sustainable (organic) systems, and mixture treatments of both system with comparison to the control treatment (no fertilizer and manure). The experiment carried out in a completely randomized block experimental design with three replications. The energy application for seed yield in fertilizer, Intermediate and organic systems were 10032788, 8564943 and 745728 kcal/ha, respectively. The seed yield of above three systems were 901, 1182, 947 kg/ha respectively. The applied of fertilizers increased the seed yield but decreased efficiency of energy. The increase of manure and gradual decrease of fertilizers were increased the energy efficiency.

Salinity stress and control with it is one of the main affairs that have 2 collated since more than thousand years ago. We can account this stress as one the reasons of capability decrease of lands, in the production of farm products. Salin and sodic soils increase at arid and semiarid regions, and this soil covered 15 million hectors of the lands of country. In this experiment 4 salinity levels of 0, -2, -4, & -6 bars were investigated on germination components and seedling growth of 4 subclover cultivars (Denmark, York, Golbrn and Gaus). Results of variance analysis showed that effects of salinity and y, cultivar on germination percentage, rate and uniformity of germination, root and shoot of length as like as seedling dry weight were significant. The different between all characteristics (expect root length) weren't significant in zero and -2 bars, but those treatments were significantly different with other salinity levels. With increasing 4 salinity level, germination percentage, rate and uniformity decreased, 2 but germination rate response was greater than other two components. The highest and lowest germination rates were observed in cv. Denmark (0.0415 in hour) and cv. Golburn (0.0278 in hour), respectively. With increasing salinity, root and shoot length 9 and seedling dry weight was decreased, but cultivars had different response to salinity. cv Gaus and cv. Denmark has the greatest root .greatest root and shoot length and seedling dry weight across .. salinity levels. Response of seedling dry weight to salinity was examined using Mass Hoffman (1977) model. Golburn had the <lowest threshold in response to salinity than other cultivars, and -0 84 bar was the threshold for the cultivar. Results showed that Golburn and Denmark are the most sensitive and the most 9 resistance cultivars, respectively. Our results showed that Denmark and Gaus are less sensitive to salinity, York has medium response and Golburn is the most sensitive.