Year:2003 | Volume:16 | Issue:1 (58 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:30

This experiment was carried out the study the effect of different levels of urea treated sugarcane bagasse in diet of dairy buffalo. A completely randomized design was conducted with 4 diets and 4 animals per diet in which, 16 buffaloes were used for 165 days. Experimental diets included of 0,20,40 and 60 percent of treated sugarcane bagasse (5% urea and 3% molasses).Average daily milk yield for experimental diets, 0, 20, 40 and 60 were 7.945, 8.057, 7.907 and 9.010 kg respectively. Butterfats were 7.297, 7.957, 7.587 and 7.405 percent respectively and crude proteins were 4.120, 4.105, 4.097 and 4.140 percent respectively. Milk dry matters were 18.330, 18.550, 18.427 and 18.515 percent for the treatments respectively. No significant differences were observed among the treatments for daily milk production and composition, except for the fat content that was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 20% bagass diet. It can be concluded that treated sugarcane bagass could be included up to 23.5 percent of dry matter intake of dairy buffaloes.

In present study digestive tract of 40 stray cats for gasterointestinal helminths and 50 stray cats for intestinal protozoan parasites in Ahwaz city of Khoozestan province were autopsied. Results indicated that 75% of the cats infected with at least on intestinal protozoan parasites, 90% infected with at least on cestods and 100% infected with at least one gasterointestinal nematods.Totally four species protozoan parasites and nine gasterointestinal helminths were recovered from the animals. Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidium noleri, Diplopylidim acanthotetra, Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati, Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria sp., C. rivolta, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis sp. Were isolated respectively.

The environmental pollution is a major problem for human kind. Water systems are usually confronting with the problems resulting from the different pollutants which kerosene and other oil products are very important material. The present study was under taken to study clinical and histopathological changes of exprimental Kerosene poisoning in gold fish (Carassius aurats).In this study 136 healthy gold fish were selected, and divided into a groups (One control and three experiment groups). Kerosene in amount of 10, 100, and 250ppm was added in to the water of groups 1,2 and 3 respectively. Duration of the trial was 21, day. Clinical signs in experiment groups included ataxia, anorexia. incresed mucus secretion, skin, ulcers and constipation. Fish of control showed no changes. Afetr necropsy and preparing the, tissue sections, from the gills, histopathological examination revealed hypermia, Hemorrhage, Infilteration of mononuclear in flammatory cells, fibrinous exudate and necrosis of Lamella in experiment groups but there lesions were more severe in fish of group 3.

To find proper evaluation criterions in breeding sheep flocks, 200 male and female lambs (12±1 months old) moghani and makui sheep were studied. The height at wither, body length, heart girth, hip-bones distance, body diagonal length and depth of soft tissue over 12th rib were measured by ultrasound and needle. All animals were slaughtered and carcass cut into joints and dissected. Empty body weight, live <.weight, heart girth, height at wither were significantly associated with lean meat and total ...fat content of carcass. Highly significant correlations exist between the depth of soft tissue over 12th rib measurement by ultrasound and needle. Using ultrasound can be replaced by w needle measurement. There was low and non significant correlation between live weight and the percentage of lean meat, total fat. Subcutaneous fat, intramascular fat and fat. Tail of two breeds studied. The linear equations were predicted by using the soft tissue depth over 12th rib, empty body weight and height at wither to prediction of physical carcass compositions. Lean meat weight would be predict in moghani and makui breeds using empty body weight (R2= 0.65) and empty body weight and sex (R2= 0.73) respectively.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of lincomycin + spectinomycin (lincospectin) antibiotics on rumen function and microflora in cows.Nine healthy crossbreed cows, 2-5 years old, with average weight of 400 kg were used for this study. The animals were dewormed by Albendazole (7.5 mg/kg SW) and were kept for two weeks under uniform managemental condition for adaptation.Three days prior the injection (-3, -2, -1 days) vital signs (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and rumen motility) were determined and samples of rumen fluid were collected to determine baseline of ruminal fluid parameters (microflora, pH and sedimentation time). During the experiment (0-9 days), the above mentioned factors were determined at 6 hours after intramuscular injection of lincospection %5 (5 mg/kg SW) each day. The comparison of the mean of these factors before and after the injection was done by the Sigma stat software (Tukey's test and Dunnet's method, p£0.05). Statistically significant difference was observed in heart rate, respiratory rate, sedimentation time and population of rumen microflora in different days of the experiment.

Phospholipas A2 (ph A2) which is present in the venom of many snakes ego elapids, viperids, crotalids, seasnakes and even cloubrids, hydrolyses phospholipids in cell membrane and consequently lyses the red blood cells. The aim of this study is to find a rapid, sensitive and useful method to determine the activity of this enzyme in venom.The procedure is to take 0.1 ml of each venom (stock cone. 100 mg/ ml) and add it to suspension of egg yolk. After the incubation, the suspension was read in a spectrophotometer model U V- 160 A shimadzu (Japan) at 925 nm against Nacl as blank. The difference between blank absorbance and venom absorbance was calculated as enzyme activity. The results of above experiments showed the following activites, Naja naja oxiana 525, Vipera lebetina 438, Vipera albicornuta 712, Pseudocerastes persicus 750, Echis carinatus 730, Aghistrodon halys 470 (U/mg). Our results showed the highest activity was belonging to P. persicus and the lowest belong to V.lebetina, the comparison of the enzyme activity in Iranian venoms with foreign venoms showed higher activity for Iranian venoms.

This survey was carried out in four periods in Ashk island of lake Urmia (habitat of Iranian yellow deer), during summer 2001.Sample of feces collected from 130 yellow deer and transferred to parasitology Lab to determine EPG and identify sort of helminth infection.Results indeicated that 10 deer (7.69%) had infection. Identified infection included of Toxocara vitulorum (4.61%), Trichuris spp. (92.3%), and Nematodirus spp. (0.77%) with measured EPG rate (Flotation method by sheeter solution) 8, 4 and 2, respectively, and 14 in herd.

This study was carried out on digestive canal of six freshly prepared sturgeons. Digestive canal was removed and first their macroscopic features were studied. After fixation in 10% formalin, routine histological processes were used.Following staining with H & E method, they were studied under light microscope. Esophagus had two parts, the proximal with longitudinal eminences and the distal with some conical papillae. Internal surface of the stomach had longitudinal rugae but of the gizzard were larger and thicker. Gizzard as a large and ellipsoid organ with thick muscular wall located between stomach and intestines.Microscopically, the epithelium of esophagus was composed of stratified squamous contain many taste buds.But of the stomach was pseudostratified and in lamina propria there were numerous gastric glands. The epithelium of gizzard had tall columnar cells and deep pits. The tunica muscularis was thick and had smooth muscle. In both organs a layer of cuboidal cell and connective tissue as serosa enclosed the muscularis.

A study was carry out to evaluate of the effects of environmental factors on growth traits in a Zandi flock (Khojeir Research Station- Animal Husbandry Department of Tehran province.Jahad-e- Sazandegi orgaization). Data of 1628 lambs during 1992 to 1998 on birth. Weaning, 6-month. 18-month weights, Average daily gain from birth to weaning and weaning to 6- month were analysed by GLM method to calculate Least Squar Means (LSM). SAS program was employed for ANOVA analysis. According to the results effects of sex, birth type age of dam, and birth year were significant for all traits (p<0.01), Interaction effects between sex by birth type were significant for all traits (p<0.05), except for 18-month weight. The effect of sex by age of dam were significant for all traits (p<0.05), except birth and 18- month weights, and birth type by age of dam were significant only for average daily gain traits (p<0.05). Overall Least Squar Means for the traits that mentioned above were 3.97±0.03; 19.28±0.03; 29.33±0.38.32; 44±0.57; 43.59±0.69; 0.172±0.004; 0.130±0.003 Kg Respectively.

In this project we have defined the morphological structures of the heart and exact location of the os cordis in cattle and comparing it in right and left side of the heart. The hearts of 80 cattle (each sex of each breed 20 hearts) were used. All of specimens were collected from Sharekord abattoir. Before dissecting them, some morphologicahl values of heart such as: Heart length, heart diameter, right and left ventricle length, diameter and tickness of aortic and pulmonary artery were measured. After dissecting the hearts, some factors such as: Tickness of auricles and ventricles, diameter of atria by calliper device were measured. The right and left os cordis removed and sizes of them were measured.In all specimens, the right os cordis was present and the mean length of it in inbreeing breed was 40.11 mm and in native breed 30. 92mm. The left os cordis was detected only in 45% of hearts. The morphological structures of hearts were measured and compared and we concluded that, the mean length of heart in inbreeding breed is 19.45 cm and in native breed is 16.09 cm. The heart diameter in inbreeing breed is 37.53cm and in native breed is 30.98cm the mean length and diameter of heart in female sex was longer than the male. These factors were determined 37.04cm and 19.04cm and 19.05cm in female and 35.99cm and 18.40cm in male.

Tannins are a group of vegetable substances that can produce toxication in animals. In this circumstances Oak and yellow wood-have a graet amont of tannins. Acute tannic acid intoxication caused acute hepatic necrosis, but in chronic form liver cirrhosis and nepoplasia was reported in rat. The present study was carried out on five crossbred Iranian ewes, of equal weight and age, in order to determine the serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT, as well as total, indirect and direct bilirubin fallowing tannic acid toxicosis. A single dose (3.75gr/kg B.W) of tannic acid was weighted and 10% sol us ion of it was introduced into the rumen of five sheep by nasal tube; blood samples were taken at 0, (before the administration of tannic acid), 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 hours after starting the experiment. The results indicate that changes in the serum ALP, AST, ALT levels weren't significant. At the beginning of the clinical signs at 24 hours, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of total, indirect and direct bilirubin in serum, while at the end of experiment, a significant decrease (p<0.05) was observable. In the second step, a double dose (4.5 gr/kg B.W) of tannic acid was introduced into the rumen of two sheep by nasal tube at 0 and 16 hours for necropsy finding purpose. Both of them recumbent and died nearly 24 hours after the beginning of experiment. Macroscopic and microscopic changes were checked. Subcutaneous tissues and mucus membranes were cyanotic and the blood had a brown – chocolate color in vessels and heart. Necrosis and fatty degeneration of hepatic cells, periportal hemorrhage and enlarged nuclei of hepatic cells were noticed in histopathological study.

Food diversity of Great Tit (Parus major) was studied in the plain woodland of Noor, Mazandran, from early summer of 1998 to the late summer of 1999 (in 15 months).Analysis of gizzard contents of 116 specimens revealed that Coleoptera and Lepidoptera orders among animal matters, as well as Sorghum halepense and Ficus carica among plant matters were the most abundant. Statistical analysis showed that relative abundance of gizzards contents in different seasons were significantly different (at 95% level). The following agricultural pests as well as tree forest's pests were found in the diet of the Great Tit: Chilo suppressalis, Mamestra oleracea, Agrotis sp., Heliothis sp. (Lepidoptera) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Omophlus sp. (Coleoptera) and Rhopalosiphum padi, Myzus persicae (Homoptera).

To study the epidemiology of parasitic infections of small ruminants of Semnan province, two flocks including 20 lambs and kids of three month old in each were selected from Garmsar and Semnan. Fecal material, blood and external surface of surveyed animals were examined monthly for a period of 12 month between 2000 to 2001. The feces of animals that have harboured nematode eggs were cultured for production of third stage larvae and identification of genus of worm responsible for nematode infections. Meanwhile the feces of all animals were cultured in baermarnn apparatus for lungworms larvae. Again the contents of alimentary canals of native sheep and goats from each geographical zone under study were searched for helminth infections. The results of fecal egg counts, fecal culture and collection of worms from gastrointestinal tracts revealed 7 species of nematodes, one species of cestode and one species of Eimeria namely.Ostertagia circumcincta, O. occidentalis, Marshaliagia marshalii, Nematodirus oiratianus, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichuris ovis and T. discolor Moniezia benedeni and E. ovoldalis. Althougrl the percentage of infection with some of this parasites such as Trichuris, Nematodirus and Eimeria was up to 92, 88 and 100% respectively, but the intensity of infection was very low, thus could not produce clinical even subclinical form of related parasitic infections. Due to these conditions, no seasonal variations and economic importance can be drawn for these infections. On the other hand, Low number Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (1-6), Rhipicephalus bursa (1-8) and Linognathus ovillus (5) were colleced from 5-8%, 10% and 1% of the survey animal in June and July. Due to the low number of external parasite collected no pathogenesis or economic importance can be drawn for them. Meanwhile in June and July 20% of the animals were found to be infected with Theileria lestokardi and Babesia ovis. The lamb infected with T. lestokardi died due to this infection. Thus due to pathogenesis of blood protozoa found in this investigation, three time deeping of sheep and goats of Semnan province for control of tick intermediate hosts is recommended starting from early spr:ng at monthly interval.

Preparations of silage were carried out as one of the suitable ways for utilization of tuna wastes in four species namely: Thunnus tonggol, Katsuwonus plamis, Thunnus albacares and Euthynus affinis. In this study tuna eyes was considered as one of the richest sources of pure unsaturated fatty acids. Silage preparation were done by enzymatic hydrolysis of tuna wastes by pepsin at pH 1.8 (Formic acid were used as acidulate). The average of Docosahetaenoic acid (DHA) in four species of tuna eyes was 20 to 25Gm in 100Gm of total fat. The highest mean of DHA were recorded as 24.72% in the eyes of Katsuwonus plamis (Skipjack) and 21.53, 19.58 and 12.20 followed by Longtail Tuna, Yellow fin Tuna and Kawakawa respectively. The mean of total fat extract in Katsuwonus plamis 57.67% Thunnus tonggol 63.39% , Thunnus albacares 50.95% and Euthynus affinis 63.63% which highest unsaturated fats such as C20:5(n-3). C18:1 and C16:1 was recorded in all of the samples.

Considering the high value of sturgeons throughout the world, particularly Iran, the toxic effect of the insecticide 60% diazinon emulsion (2-3 L hac-1) was studied in relation to Persian sturgeon 'and stellate sturgeon fingerlings weighing 1-3g. The acute toxicity of diazinon emulsion (60%) on the mortality of A. persicus and A. stellatus fingerlings was studied in order to determine the LC50 within 96h. The experiments were conducted in static state on the basis of TRC. The pH and total hardness of the water medium were determined during the experiment. The water temperature was 20±1oc and dissolved oxygen values were higher than 5mg L-1. The results of the studies show that the LC5096h of 60% diazinone emulsion on Persian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon fingerlings were 4.34 mg L-1 and 2.54 mg L-1 respectively. The maximum allowabl concentration value of diazinone in Persian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon fingerlings were 0.438 and 0.254 mg L-1 respectively. Therefore, on the basis of standards, diazinon is considered toxic for the fingerlings under study.

Sarcocystis, as a common parasite of sheep, has two hosts: Definite (dog, cat and other carnivores) and intermediate (sheep and other ruminants). In the present study, the heart, tongue, esophagus, rectus femoris muscle and diaphragm of 252 sheep (132 females and 120 males) were examined. The macroscopic cysts were identified by gross examination and microscopic ones were identified microscopically by impression method.As the results, gross examination declared in 4.4% of the sheep; and microscopic cysts in 89.7% of the sheep. There was no significant difference between the males and females in the different ages for macroscopic cysts (p >0.05) and for the microscopic cysts in the different ages between males and females (p>0.2). In the case of macroscopic cyst, there was significant difference of infection rate in the different ages (p<0.02).There was significant difference in the different ages for the microscopic cyst (p<0.01), (Increase infection rate by increase age). The results showed significant difference of infection rate of macroscopic cyst among different organs (p <0.03); the highest being with esophagus and the lowest with tongue. There was significant difference of infection rate of microscopic cyst among different organs (p<0.01); (Tongue, heart, rectus femoris muscle, diaphragm and esophagus in decreasing order).

This is a descriptive analytical and retrospective study aiming to determine the incidence of ovarian cyst and its relationship with the effective factors in some Holstein dairy farms in the province of Tehran.Sampling was completely randomized and data was collected by a questionnaire from four regions of the province (north, south, east and west). Results showed that the incidence rate of ovarian cyst among the Holstein dairy cattle was only 5.4%, placing the region in the lowest range of the international incidence rate (5-30).Analysis of relative factors shows that ovarian cyst is affected by factors such as season, uterine infections, milk fever and cow, dam incidence rate, which, in other word, could bethought as affected by the management system. Number of inseminations and the calving interval in cystic cows were increased and had affected significantly by age, herd and stress. It seems that by controlling predisposing factor which affecting on ovarian cysts incidence in dairy cattle in Tehran province, we probably can reduce major economic loss.

Pulmonary lesions is one of the most prevalent and important diseases of sheep.In order to identification and prevalence detection of pulmonary lesions in Shahr- E-Kord slaughterhouse, lungs of one thousand sheep were inspected. The prevalence of identified lesions was purulent bronchopneumonia 7.9%, fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia 5.7%, fibrinous bronchopneumonia 3.2%, interstitial pneumonia 4.8%, verminous pneumonia 8.5%, Hydatid cyst 2.3%, ovine pulmonary adenomatosis 0.8%, and pulmonary abscess 1.7%. Different type of bronchopnemonia were more prevalent in cranial lobes and interstitiai' pneumonia, verminous pneumonia and Hydatid cyst were more prevalent in caudal lobes of the lungs (p<0.05).

In this study100 pigeons have prepared from different areas of the city of Kerman randomly. After necropsy, following results were obtained: 75% of pigeons were infected by one parasite at least. From 28 pigeons which infected by cestodes, 27 pigeons infected by Raillietina tetragona and 1 pigeon by Cotugnia digonopora. Also 1 pigeon infected by nematode Ascaridia columbae. The aforementioned cestodes and nematode isolated from small intestines. The only protozoa which isolated from 56 pigeons were Trichomonas gallinae. Histopathologic examinations revealed lesions such as necrotic and hemorrhagic enteritis (p<0.001) and inflammation.Papillomatosis and hyperkeratosis in crop (p< 0/001). Increased frequencies Raillietina SPP are attributed to high frequency of their intermediate host (beetle). Adult pigeons frequently were carrying the trichomaonads and in special conditions resulted in tissue lesions.

This investigation carried out on 6 silver carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) with average weight 440 gr. that were in soil pond with natural products. Type, abundance and digestion amount of nutrient particles determined in gut content of these fishes. The fishes randomly caught and were sent to the lab. After biometry, they dissected and some samples were obtained from initial (5-10 cm), center (30-60 cm) and end (100 cm or more) of intestine (10 samples of each place). Then the samples were observed by microscope and the nutrient particles were identified and accounted. The results showed abundance and digestion of detritus and protozoa were more than other particles. In point of importance for consumption the feed of silver carp consist detritus, protozoa, other algae, diatoms and green algae, respectively.

According to deferent reports, foot and mouth disease (FMD) oil adjuvant vaccines are desirable with the more prolong immunity than aqueous vaccine. So, in this study we prepared two kind of bivalent FMD vaccines as follow: a) FM0 oil vaccine with ISA25 as an adjuvant (oil - in - water) b) FMD aqueous vaccine with AI (OH)3 + Saponinc as adjuvants For preparing these vaccine we used type O1 and type A87 (Mardabad) of FMD viruses.Each vaccine was inoculated (2.5 ml for calves and 5ml for adult) in one group of cuttle (8 Specices) Subcutaneously in the neck and one group of cattle as blank (6 Specices). Then bleed at days; 0, 28, 63, 95, 137, 186, 252 and 282 post vaccination. Then measured the FMD antibody titre against type O1 and A87 By seroneutralization (SN) test, and calculated the Logaritmic antibody titre by read and mounch method. At the result, although each of two vaccines provided protective andtibodytitre during the project period (protection titbody response.a) It provided best antibody response.b) Protective antibody titre had been remain longer than the other.c) It doesn't need expensive equipment for mixing, such as hemogenizer.* ISA25 is an oil adjuvant that produces by Sepic comany in France.

In this study, the serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH) levels were determined in three carp species: Grass carp, silver carp, and common carp. For this purpose 50 blood samples were taken from each species. The fishes were apparently normal.The averages of LDH, ALP, ALP, AST, ALT values in common carp were 1125, 285, 53 and 18 unit respectively. These averages in grass carp were 1540, 255, 34 and 16 unit, and in silver carp were 1556, 126, 40 and 14 respectively. The range of LDH activity in grass carp was between 1484 and 1595. This range for silver carp was between 1462 and 1650 and 1000 and 1250 in common carp. For ALP this range in grass carp was between 196 and 314, in silver carp between 97 and 156 and in common carp between 234 and 337. The range of AST activity in grass carp was between 26 and 44 in silver carp 33-34 and 43-63 common carp. The ALT activity was 13-18 in grass carp 11-16 in silver carp and 11-16 in silver carp and 15-21 in common carp. The range of LDH enzyme activity in common carp was significantly higher than two other species (p<0.05).ALP level in silver carp was significantly lower than in the other species (p<0.05). The average of AST activity in common carp was significantly higher than grass carp (p<0.05). There wasn't any significant difference between these three fish species in the ALT levels.

Ascites syndrome is a metabolic disorder in broiler chickens. Chronic hypoxia is the major causes of ascites that could be due to a lower providing of oxygen e.g. high altitude and/or due to a higher oxygen requirement e.g exposure to lower environmental temperature.In this study 576 broiler chickens were housed at low altitude and feed a basal diet until 21 days of age. At this age, the chicks were transported. To a high altitude farm 2000 m above sea level, and randomly divided over two rooms. The birds in room one were maintained at a normal ambient temperature (22oc) while the birds of second room were subjected to a lower ambient temperature (13 oc). Exposure of broiler chickens to 2000 m of high altitude increased ascites mortality. The incidence of ascites was markedly higher (62.7%) compared to birds were subjected to a normal ambient temperature. The higher ascites mortality was coincided with lower body weight of birds, higher haematocrit values, heterophil/ lymphocyte ratios and thyroid hormones activity. This result indicate that the ascites incidence will be severely raised when broiler chickens is exposed to two stresses, cold temperature and high altitude, at the same time.