Clinical Psychology and Personality
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:1 (32) |Papers Count:25

Introduction: The aim of the present research was to examine and compare the effectiveness of empathic dynamic psychotherapy and anxiety regulating dynamic psychotherapy on symptom and maladaptive defense mechanisms reduction in university students with symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder. Method: The present study was an experimental research with pre-post test and 2-month follow up. Thirty students with symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder among university students of Ardabil were randomly selected and were assigned into three groups, empathic group (10), anxiety regulating group (10) and control group (10). Adult separation anxiety disorder scale and defense mechanism questionnaire in three stages, pre, post and follow up stages were fulfilled. Two therapies were administered in 12 sessions of two month. The date was analyzed via analysis of variance with repeated measure. Result: The result showed that empathic and anxieties regulating dynamic psychotherapies were effective in reducing symptoms and maladaptive defense mechanisms and the changes were sustained in 2-month follow up. The results also showed that empathic dynamic psychotherapy was effective in reducing symptoms and anxiety regulating dynamic psychotherapy was effective in reducing maladaptive defense mechanisms. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, empathic and anxiety regulating dynamic psychotherapies were effective and efficient therapies to reduce symptoms and maladaptive defense mechanisms in adult separation anxiety disorder.

Introduction: personality characteristics are one of the effective factors on individual differences that can be have important role on gathering other ҆ s support or loneliness. Aim of present research was study of social-emotional loneliness in extrovert and introvert personalities with due attention to the role of kinds of perceived social support. Method: Research was done in scientific-comparing research method. At first, 200 students of university of Zanjan selected in convenient method and replied Eysenk Personality Inventory (EPI). Students with far-out scores on introversion-extroversion continuum were identified and fulfilled perceived social support and social-emotional loneliness questionnaires (MSPSS and SELSA_S). Results: analyzing results by using MANOVA indicated extroverts have been reported less loneliness and more levels of social support perception. The results of regression analysis in introverts indicated friends and family ҆ s supports are significant predictors of social and family loneliness, respectively. The same analysis in extroverts showed perceived social support from important people, friends and family are significant predictors of emotional, social and family loneliness, respectively. Conclusion: The results argued relations with family, friends and the other meaningful people are essential for people ҆ s health and lack of received supports of each of them can lead loneliness. So, suitable techniques for communicating and fascinating should be thought based on each person characteristics in order to prevent them from loneliness.

Introduction: In the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV persistent complex bereavement disorder is in the category of disorders in which further research is needed. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness– based cognitive therapy on the rumination and posttraumatic growth in the bereaved women. Method: In a quasi-experimental study, 24 bereaved women in the city of Neyshabur were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of mindfulness– based cognitive therapy (Segal, 2002), while control group was not in any treatment. The participants completed Rumination Response Scale (RRS; Treynor & et. al, 2003) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Data were analyzed by SPSS24 software, using Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results showed that mindfulness– based cognitive therapy decrease rumination and improving posttraumatic growth (P<0. 05). Discussion and Conclusion: The result showed that mindfulness– based cognitive therapy might be an efficient way to decrease rumination and improving posttraumatic growth. Also, therapists can use this therapeutic approach for decrease rumination and improving posttraumatic growth.

Introduction: Studies show that self-regulation is introduced for beginning to interpersonal skills and empathy. The purpose of the present research was to determine the role of self-regulation behaviors in prediction of perception of interpersonal reactive in the prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. Method: This research is correlational. The statistical population of this study was all people with antisocial personality disorder who are residents of the city of Ardebil in 2014. The sample contained 100 person with antisocial personality disorder who were resident of the central prison in Ardabil, and selected to available sample method. For Data collection, Millon Questionnaire, Self-regulation Behaviors Questionnaire and Interpersonal Reactive Index were used. Data collected using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis was analyzed. Findings: The results showed that self-regulation behaviors are related to interpersonal reactive. Results of multiple regression analysis showed 28 percent of empathic concern, 42 perspective-taking, 21 percent of fantasy and 23 percent of personal distress variations of perceived cost explain by self-regulation behaviors. Discussion & Conclusion: These findings show that self-regulation behaviors have moderate role in the interpersonal reactive in the prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. Therefore, self-regulation training can be targeted the interpersonal reactive in the persons with personality disorders.

Background and Aim: The stress of cancer diagnosing prepare situation for many psychological disorders. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing depression in Cancer Patients. Method: This research was a semi-experimental study including pre-test, post-test and control group in which the statistical society consisted of patients with cancer who referred to cancer radiotherapy center of khorram abad in summer of 2016. The samples included 30 patients with cancer who were selected based on DSM-IV distinctive standard and Beck depression inventory and then assigned randomly in two groups of experimental (15) and control (15). The experimental group was treated by acceptance and commitment therapy in 12 sessions, and the control group received no psychotherapy. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis using version 21 of SPSS software. Results: The results of study showed this kind of psychotherapy can significantly reduce depression in experimental group (P < 0/001). Conclusion: acceptance and commitment therapy reduce depression in Cancer Patients. This kind of psychotherapy because of increasing psychological resilience, connecting patient to present and also leading to committed acting to personal values, can be one of the best psychotherapies for reducing depression in cancer patients.

One of the most important factors self-steam problems is early childhood experiences with parents. These experiences have an important role in developing self-steam, thus in this study the aim was to examine the structural relationship of attachment styles and aggression with the mediating role of the self-steam in students. The participants included 150 high school girl students of Khoy city that were chose by available sampling method. Hazan and Shaver attachment styles scale with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0. 81, Rosenberg self-esteem scale with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0. 84, and Buss and Perry aggression scale with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0. 89 were administered. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and Sobel tests were conducted to explore direct and indirect pathways of study’ s model respectively. Results showed that attachment styles and self-esteem also self-esteem and aggression in students have a direct relationships. The results indicated that self-esteem has a significant mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and aggression. The findings of this study could help counselors and school psychologist to reduce students’ self-esteem and aggression problems.

Background & Aims: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most prevalent disorder among adolescents’ girls and early relationships quality with parents play an important role for its development that it should be considered for treatment. It was aimed to investigate and comparing effectiveness of group interpersonal psychodynamic psychotherapy (GPIP) and group emotion focused therapy (GEFT) on girl’ s adolescent generalized anxiety disorder. Methods: The research method was experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population consisted of all 15-17 year-old girls with GAD in Shiraz high schools. Among them, 30 adolescents were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Interventions of experimental groups consisted of 16 sessions of GPIP and 10 sessions of GEFT. All groups were evaluated by GAD-7 questionnaire in pretest, posttests and follow up. The data were analyzed using repeated measure variance and for pairwise comparison using post hoc. Results: Both GPIP and GEFT methods in comparison with the control group caused to significant reduction of GAD in post-treatment. Also, the results showed that in the follow up session, only the scores of the psychodynamic group were significantly lower than the control group, but there was no significant difference between the scores of the emotional-focused and control group. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, both GPIP and GEFT can be effective in improving the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in adolescent girls.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the moderating effects of Extraversion and neuroticism on the relationship between stigma and Psychological help-seeking. The hypotheses were as follows: Extraversion and neuroticism would moderate the relationship between stigma and Psychological help-seeking. This descriptive correlational study was conducted in 2016-17. In this study, at first we selected 384 students in lorrestan university, Iran. Then the students completed Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, Attitudes towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help, Short Form and NEO-five factor inventory. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the moderating role of Extraversion and neuroticism. Results reveal that there is a significant relationship stigma and Psychological help-seeking. Extraversion and neuroticism was also a moderator in the relationship between stigma and Psychological help-seeking.

Introduction: The aim of this study was Comparison effectiveness Acceptance and Commitment group therapy and Cognitive-Behavior group therapy Perfectionism and self-esteem women with body image dissatisfaction. Method: The present study was experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. It also concluded a 3 month follow up. The statistical population consisted of 1064 female (23-38 age) with body image dissatisfaction that had refer to health centers of Tehran municipal during 95-1396. The sample of this study was cluster sampling method which 45 females from 453 questionnaire were selected based on the cut point, inclusion and exclusion criteria was designed in 3 groups(ACT, CBT, Control) randomly. The experimental groups received 12 sessions Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (90 minutes a week) in groups. The instrument in this study were Multidimensional Body– Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash 1997), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Besharat 2007) and Rosenberg self-esteem (1965) scale. Results: Analysis of Mixed Variance and Bonferroni showed significantly: A-increase self-esteem in pretest and follow up (P=0/01), B-in decreasing perfectionism in pretest and follow up (P=0/01), D-both of therapies was effective on self-esteem (F= 13/16, P=0/01), and perfectionism (F= 4/91, P=0/05) at the same level. Conclusion: These intervention can be used in the improvement of psychological problems in this group.

Introduction: Insomnia is the most common sleep disorders and cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment of it. Personality traits, in addition to have a preparing and maintaining role in insomnia, can predict the outcomes of therapeutic interventions for it. The aim of this study was to the determination of the mediating role of the presented personality traits of DSM-5 in the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on insomnia disorder in students of the University of Kurdistan. Methods: 34 students with insomnia were selected by convenience sampling, 17-person experimental and control groups, with Insomnia Severity Index and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 were assessed. The research design was experimental with pre-test and post-test. Data with descriptive statistical tests and univariate covariance analysis using SPSS software version 22 were analyzed. Results: The results indicate a significant reduction in insomnia severity scores in the experimental group, compared to the control group participants have indicated that this the effectiveness of the treatment. The results showed that the high scored traits were significantly associated with therapeutic effects. Among them, the most hindering traits was eccentricity, attention seeking, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance, distractibility, impulsivity and emotional instability was more than other traits. Conclusion: Pathological personality traits are able to reduce the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy. Therefore, it is necessary to be considered before the treatment and, if it is possible, to be treated.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on resiliency and self-efficacy female students with GAD. Method: The present experimental study included pre-test, post-test with the control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female second grade students of high schools in Izeh city in the academic year of 2015-2016. Screening was conducted and 302 participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaires, Then 40 individuals suffering GAD identified and were assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study was diagnostic interview, resiliency and self-efficacy Questionnaires. The experimental group received self-compassion training for ten 90-minutes sessions. Results: Analysis of the data was done using descriptive and inferential tests such as covariance analysis. Experimental group showed significant increase in resiliency (P<0/003) and self-efficacy (P<0/005) after being trained. Conclusion: Based on the result we can say that cognitive self-compassion training is an important factor in improving resiliency and in self-efficacy of students suffer from GAD.

Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction on reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression in spouses of the veterans. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included 44 spouses of the Iranian veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. The subjects were patients with general anxiety disorder who were selected based on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and DSM-5-based psychiatric diagnostic interview examination. They were then randomly divided in four groups of equal size (three experimental groups and one control group). Results: Results from multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group, and these therapeutic methods could equally reduce anxiety and stress. Also, the other results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy are effective equally in reducing the depression, but the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction method in decreasing the depression in spouses of the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder was not significant. Conclusion: Findings of the present study suggested that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the three therapeutic methods in decreasing anxiety and stress, however, in case of accompanying depressive symptoms in this group, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or schema therapy should be considered the preferred psychotherapeutic treatments emotional distress.

Background: The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy on marital adjustment among women. Method: The married women referring to counseling centers in Delijan were prospectively evaluated. Data were collected using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). In all 30 females were evaluated, they were selected and randomly allocated to a control group (15 subjects) and an experimental (15 subjects) group. After that, the experimental group was attended in 8 training sessions while the control group didn’ t attend any training. Finally, both groups were examined by the DAS. Results: The results showed that the training program based on cognitive-behavior approach is effective for marital adjustment, and it’ s subscales include marital satisfaction, marital solidarity, couples agreement and expression of love. Discussion and Conclusion: The training program based on cognitive-behavior approach has been found to be effective on marital adjustment among women referring to counseling centers in Delijan.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy based on the presence of mind on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: The research is semi-experimental (semi-experimental) with the design of "pre-test-session-fourth-post-test". The statistical population of this study was all people referred to the counseling center of Malayer. 18 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected using available method. The severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the experimental groups was evaluated by the Maudsley obsessive-compulsive disorder before, the fourth session, and after the end of treatment sessions. . Data were analyzed by mixed or mixed variance analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the effectiveness of the two groups in reducing the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, cognitive-behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on the presence of the mind. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, both cognitive-behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on the presence of mind have been effective in improving the severity of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Introduction: Biological aspects of personality have an influence on people psychological dimensions. The present study was aimed to compare prospective memory, risky decision-making, collaborative decision-making between individuals with morning and evening circadian typology. Methods: For this purpose, a study with quantitative methodology approach and a descriptive design was conceived. The population included 70 male and female undergraduate or graduate students, 18 to 32 years old, were recruited using evening-morningness screening tests. The selected students included 38 morning and 32 evening types and were examined at two morning and afternoon sessions. Morningness and eveningness questionnaire and computerized cognitive tasks including Time-Based Prospective Memory (TBPM), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), collaborative decision making (prisoner's dilemma), were empoloyed for gathering data. Results: Statistical analysis using multivariate analysis of variance and showed that there are significant differences in prospective memory, risky decision-making between groups with morning and evening circadian type. Results showed that prospective memory performance in the evening type was better than the morning one. In addition, scores of risky decision-making in the evening group were higher than the morning one. Conclusions: So the results of this study showed a significant difference between the two groups in cognitive functions on prospective memory, risky decision-making.

Objective: Meta-analysis defines the rate of effect size of interventions by integrating the obtained results from different studies. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment in depression disorder. Methods: Totally 10 studies from 15 studies with accepted methodology were selected and meta-analysis was done on them. The data were gathered and the effect size of each study was calculated. Results: The combined effect size of all indicators was found to be significant according to cohen’ s table which means high effect size. The combined effect size for depression is ES=0/60 (P=0/0179), for negative thought is ES=0/407 (P=0/0559), for the rate of alpha is ES=0/701 (P=0/0122), for the ratio beta/alpha is ES=0/512 (P=0/1635) and total effect size is 0/538. Conclusion: Based on the results of this meta-analysis, neurofeedback treatment based on the interpretation of Cohen’ s effect size has large effect on reducing depression symptoms and normalizing the brain waves in depression disorders.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare of brain/behavioral systems and emotional regulation difficulties in individuals with and without social anxiety disorder and their relationship with each other. Materials and Methods: Current study was a causal – comparative study that its statistical population was the bachelor and master Ardabil’ s university students in 1394-95. The sample of this study was 95 students with social anxiety disorders clinical Syndromes and 95 normal students. To collect data, we used carver and whites Activation system/Behavioral inhibition scale (BAS/BIS), difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS), and social inventory (SPIN). Results: people with the social anxiety disorders clinical Syndromes in the behavioral Inhibition System (P < 0/001), and normal people in the drive (P < 0/023) and reward responsiveness (P < 0/001) scales had upper scores; but there was no significant difference between groups in the, behavioral Activation System and fun seeking scales (P > 0/05). Also in the emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) and its all components, except of the lack of emotional awareness, the group with the social anxiety disorder earned more scores than the normal group (P < 0/001). In the people with the social anxiety, the Behavioral Inhibition System and drive scales had a positive relationship with the physiological symptoms of the social anxiety disorder (P < 0/01), and also behavioral Inhibition System with the emotion regulation difficulties (P < 0/01); and the behavioral Activation System had a negative relationship with the fear and avoidance and the total score of the social anxiety (P < 0/01). Conclusion: brain/behavior systems and emotion regulation difficulties in the pathology of social anxiety disorder are an important component that we can use them to more identify personality, emotional and motivational propertys involved in the social anxiety disorder, and also that’ s treatment.

Introduction: In recent years, multiple studies have examined the efficacy of the third wave of behavior therapies for depression disorders. This research aimed to compare the results of studies investigating the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and metacognitive therapy on depression in Iranian population. Methods: Meta-analysis method was employed in this research and 69 publications which were methodology accepted were selected after a careful study of research studies. Also, the checklist was used to check inclusion criteria and extracted data from each study and finally 70 effect sizes were reported. Results: The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and metacognitive therapy had been effective for depression at significant level less than 0. 05. The size of the combined effect (in terms of scale standardized mean difference) of them were reported 1. 565, 1. 206 and 1. 891 respectively. Also study of type of treatment as a moderating variable showed that metacognitive therapy is more effective in reducing symptoms of depression than mindfulness-based therapy. Conclusions: The results of meta-analysis showed that the third wave of behavior therapies specially metacognitive therapy are effective at reducing symptoms of depression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological coping styles and tendency to addiction in teenagers: Mediating role of resilience and ambiguity. Design of present study is correlational. For this purpose, from the statistical population of the high school students, 200 were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling and then the Endler and Parker’ s coping questionnaire (1990), weed and et all’ s tendency to addiction (PAS)(1992), Connor and Davidson’ s Resiliency scale(2003) and ambiguity questionnaire leen and et all’ s(1993) were distributed among research participants to respond. Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and correlation indicators, Structural equation modeling. Results indicated that there is a significant negative correlation between problem-Focused Coping Styles and tendency to addiction (p≤ 0/05) and Positive correlation between emotional and avoidant coping styles with tendency to addiction (p≤ 0/05). Also Path analysis model indicated that mediating role of ambiguity between problem-Focused and avoidant Coping Styles and tendency to addiction. But resilience wasn’ t mediating between psychological coping styles and tendency to addiction. The results support the hypothesis that emotional and avoidant coping styles leads to tendency to addiction and high ambiguity can have a moderating role in this regard.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of experiential avoidance, mindfulness and anxiety sensitivity in emotional disorders symptoms. To this aim, 297 students (age mean 21. 6± 5. 8) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from Azad Islamic university students and completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R) and Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Results showed acceptance is correlated strongly with almost all depression symptoms and all of anxiety symptoms (P>0. 01); Moreover mindfulness were correlated moderatly with some of depression and two anxiety symptoms (P>0. 01); finally anxiety sensitivity was moderately correlated with some depression and strongly with anxiety symptoms (P>0. 01). Regression analysis revealed experiential avoidance has significant role in depression symptoms like Lassitude, Insomnia, Suicidality, Appetite gain, Ill Temper and Well-being, but mindfulness and anxiety sensitivity have weaker role in some symptoms of depression (P>0. 01). Also results showed anxiety sensitivity has a dominate role, but experiential avoidance moderate and mindfulness a weak role in anxiety symptoms (P>0. 01). Experiential avoidance can be seen as a dominant and common transdiagnostic process in emotional disorders, but anxiety sensitivity is just more influencing process in anxiety symptoms of emotional disorder and mindfulness is a weak transdiagnostic process in emotional disorders.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of female sexual quality of life questionnaire Iranian version SQOL-F psychometric Feature and its validity and reliability. Methods: The study included clinical and non-clinical groups is the non-clinical sample consisted of 343 people of all married women in Tehran, Qom and Sari. The sample of the study was to have married 49 women have formed sexual problems from June to September are 94 family health clinics for treatment are referred Shahed University. they were asked sexual quality of life questionnaire (SQOL-F) and the distance twice a month to complete. Results: The results of the factor analysis identified two factors resulted in non-clinical samples and clinical specimens were three factors. Conclusion: Overall, the validity and reliability of this scale for use in Iranian population of married women was demonstrated by the evidence.

The present research was aimed to investigate the reliability and validity for Brief Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) in Iranian students. All the high school girls and boys in 8th and 15th Tehran regions were selected as statistical population from which 736 students were selected as a sample to study, by using cluster sampling method. Brief Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS), Personal Well-Being Index (PWI-SC), and 21– item version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scales (DASS-21) were administered and following results were obtained. An Alpha coefficient of 0/71 obtained for the total scale, and the test– retest correlation of 0/71 was obtained which indicated a suitable reliability for the scale. Exploratory factorial analysis for the scale showed one factor loading, and correlation coefficients obtained, suggested acceptable convergent validity for Brief Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) with Personal Well-Being Index (PWI-SC), and with depression and anxiety scales of 21– item version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scales (DASS-21). Overally, Brief Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) has good psychometric properties with respect to methodological limitation of present study, to be used for high school Iranian students.

Background and Objective: The issue of marital infidelity in Iranian society is a growing concern which is accompanied to unsustainable relationships and high divorce rates. The present study aimed to study the psychometric properties of the Persian version of marital infidelity questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-psychometric research in which 400 university students of AzarbaiijanShahidMadani University were selected by stratified random sampling method and were studied. The data were analyzed using a confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (analysis of main components with varimax rotation), multivariate analysis of variance. Results: analysis of factors were performed using the internal consistency method as well as re-test for the reliability of the present questionnaire. For validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was used, results suggested consistent and accurate relationship between the components of this questionnaire. The internal consistency of questionnaires by Cronbach's alpha for the components including legitimacy, seduction, normalization, sexual orientation, social context, and excitement were 0. 79, 0. 75, 0. 54, 0. 79, 0. 71, 0. 79 respectively and for the whole questionnaire was0. 91. The reliability was calculated obtained by two-half method for all scales as 0. 81(r=0. 81) Conclusion: In sum, the results of the research confirmed validity of the Persian form of the Marital Infidelity Questionnaire, which indicates that Marital Infidelity Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument as well as it can be used in clinical and research setting. Therefore, the current questionnaire has an appropriate reliability and validity for using by researchers and specialists.

Introduction: Considering the importance of fusion of thought in the persistence of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, This study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the TFI in Iran. Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, a fusion measure was used. First, the author was allowed to use the tool and then translated into Persian. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students of Tehran University, that 309 students were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The data analyzed through Cronbach’ s alpha and construct validity statistical method. Results: The reliability of the TFI was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha and retest method with a one month interval and its correlation coefficients were 0. 93 and 0. 81 at significant level (P <0. 001) respectively. Validity of the TFI was estimated using factor analysis and construct validity method with implementation of Thought-Action Fusion (TAF) questionnaire. There was a positive and significant correlation coefficient between the (TFI) and (TAF) questionnaires (0. 833) at significant level (P <0. 001). Also, the results of exploratory factor analysis show that the three factors of thought-event fusion, thought-action fusion and thought-object fusion for the thought fusion instrument in total account for 75 percent of the variance. Conclusion: Thought Fusion Instrument (TFI) can be a reliable and valid tool for evaluating Wells meta-cognitive theory and can be used to measure Thought Fusion style in normal or clinical samples.

The classification of mental disorders has long been the subject of controversy among mental health professionals. Despite a Significant expansion of knowledge about mental disorders during the past half century, understanding of their processes and components remains rudimentary. This article provides descriptions of three systems with different purposes relevant to understanding and classifying mental disorder: Two major diagnostic manuals-the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) that prepares a framework that emphasizes integration of basic behavioral and neuroscience research to deepen the understanding of mental disorders. It is identified four key issues that present challenges to understanding and classifying the mental disorder: etiology, including the multiple causality of mental disorder; Categories or dimensions, whether the relevant phenomena are discrete categories or dimensions; thresholds, which set the boundaries between disorder and nondisorder; and comorbidity, the fact that individuals with mental illness often meet diagnostic requirements for multiple conditions. Although the systems have varying degrees of overlap and distinguishing features, the common purpose of all three is reducing the burden of suffering due to mental disorder by better understanding and proper classification.