SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:56|Papers Count:12

The aim of this study was to analyze the dominance of human resource risks in weakening human capital using the Interpretative Ranking Process (IRP). The statistical population is 22 experts who selected using purposive sampling. To confirm the validity, the questionnaire was distributed among experts and they were approved. Reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was equal to 0. 83. The results of the research show that weakness in talent management more than other human resources risks weakens human capital. The second most important risk in human capital weakening is the risk of unethical behaviors. Similarly, the lack of transparency in the performance evaluation system and the lack of replacement systems are other human resource risks that undermine human capital in the organization. In addition, the IRP methodology analyzes how HRMs impact on human capital weaknesses. For sample, the risk of weakness and the lack of talent management system are the cause for the weakening of human capital by leaving the organization, reducing commitment, lack of organizational creativity, job burnout, job dissatisfaction, reduced organizational trust, unwillingness to learn and unwillingness of individuals sharing knowledge in the organization.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of good electronic governance in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The present research is applied in a descriptivesurvey method in terms of data collection method and is mixed according to research approach. The statistical population of this research is divided into two qualitative sections (12 interviews) and a quantity sections (89) that is some experts in various departments of the Ministry of Sport and Youth such as: Academic professors aware of the issue of good governance, some past and present managers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth. Stratified random sampling method was used. In the qualitative section, an open, axial and selective coding method was used based on the Strauss and Corbin Paradigm model, and in the quantity sections of the structural equation method (Smart-PLS software). The research findings were investigated in each of the five dimensions of the underlying conditions, causal conditions, interventional conditions, strategy and outcomes. The results showed that the strategies resulting from the model that were influenced by contextual and confounding conditions included: designing a mechanism for reforming e-government factors in the Ministry of Sport; Change management. Therefore, it is recommended to use the results of this study to improve the performance of the Ministry of Youth and Sports.

Among all the marketing tools, advertising has an important impact on customers’ behavior because it is more exposed. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of advertising on the consumers’ behavior of the sports books through public relations and personal sales. The present research is a descriptive correlation study conducted on the field. The statistical population of this study included all publishers of the book, all book sellers and all buyers of sports books. 456 people were selected randomly as a research sample. The research tool was a questionnaire of two questionnaires: public relations, personal sales and advertising of Duncan (2005) and consumer behavior of Lermen (2006). Regarding the fact that the questionnaires were validated in non-governmental organizations, they were tested for formal and content validity and structure and after the necessary changes were approved. Public relations questionnaire, personal sales and advertising included 27 items and advertising components (11 items), public relations (9 items) and personal sales (7 items) and customer behavior questionnaire including 16 items and characteristics of personal characteristics, psychological characteristics, cultural characteristics, Social features. Cronbach's alpha test was used to calculate the reliability of the instrument on a 30-member sample. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaires and the components above 0. 7 was obtained. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The statistical methods of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation, regression were used and structural equations were used for fitting the model. To analyze the information and calculate the results, the SPIAS and IMOS software version 23 was used. The results showed that research findings showed that there is a positive relationship between all the components of advertising, public relations and personal sales with consumer behavior. Therefore, it can be stated that public relations and personal sales can serve as a mediator variable in the relationship between Advertising and consumer behavior of sports books have a positive role. Also, the role of public relations and personal sales as a mediator in advertising related to consumer behavior was significant. It seems that paying attention to public relations and personal sales simultaneously with advertising can have more positive effects on consumers’ behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the fan identity and the importance of winning with Schadenfreude. Structural equation model of a descriptive study was carried out in the Esteghlal team supporters (n = 450). To determine the variables of the research, fan identity questionnaire (Dalakas & Melanekan, Van & Bronsmek, 1993) with 4 questions, schadenfreude (Dalakas & Melanekan, 2012; Angel & et al, 2016; Grebing & Anderson, 1988) 3 questions and the importance of winning(Grebin & Anderson, 1988) with 3 questions on the five values Likert scale. The content validity of the carcass model (CVR = 0. 62), the validity of the confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the face validity of the questionnaire from the opinions of experts (sports management and marketing professors). In order to evaluate the formal validity of the questionnaire, experts' opinions (Professors of sports management and marketing), content validity of the Lavosh model (CVR = 0. 62), and structural validity as confirmatory factor analysis were used. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (CFA and SEM) were used. The findings showed that the fan identity and the importance of winning affected by schadenfreude and the research model have a fitting. Finally, one can say that the fan identity (with intraocular focus and distance), the importance of winning, and schadenfreude (with outsider focus and lack of recognition) must complement each other. Therefore, the strength of the specified relationships (whether positive or negative) between them increases the outcomes of sponsorship.

The purpose of this study was to construct and determine the factor structure and reliability of neuromarketing questionnaire in sport club services in the northwest of the country in 1397. To achieve this goal, scientific documentation, multiple essays, 7 neurosciences and 9 marketing experts, by the use of snow bullet in the field of neuromarketing 87 questions were found. Then, with a survey of experienced professors in the field of marketing the questionnaire lessens to 42 questions. After that, the questionnaire for analyzing exploratory factor was distributed among 620 people who utilized the sporting services of the team clubs in the centers of 4 provinces of Western Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardebil and Kurdistan in the summer 1397-98. Then the final questionnaire was distributed among 620 of statistical sample by using of Relative random clustering method for analyzing confirmatory factor. Having passed through qualitative and quantity stages, the final questionnaire containing 37 questions with 6 factors named; positioning, stimulating emotions, the role of all senses, visiting sense, communication and advantages were designed. The confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the neuromarketing questionnaire and showed the model fitted to the root estimate of the variance was estimated to be 0. 68, which indicates that the fit of the model is appropriate. This research led to the development of appropriate tools in sports services. In order to assess the increase in sales of sports services, a reliable questionnaire should be used.

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of directors’ board of football clubs from a governance perspective. The study was of an applied purpose and of an analytical and descriptive methodology. The study population, totaling a number of 165 individuals, was comprised of all board members, chairpersons as well as all administrative staff of the current football clubs in the Premium League of 2017. The index yielded by Muyeh, Taylor, & Hoye (2007) was employed for data collection. CVR forms were also utilized for assessment of content validity for which a questionnaire was submitted to 10 expert assessors. The conceptual model of the study was evaluated through the Structural Equation Modeling as per the Partial Least Squares method using Smart PLS (V 3). The obtained results were then analyzed in two parts: the measurement model, and appropriateness of the model. The yielded findings of the study exhibited that the collected experimental data supports the theoretical model of the study, and thus, the roles evaluated in this study can be employed in the directors’ board of Iranian football clubs. As yielded by the study, the two-tier structure of leadershipsupervision is recommended for the directors’ board of football clubs.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the explanatory factors for favorable language for managers of Iran's sports organizations. The present study is a crosssectional research carried out in qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section of the statistical sample, 14 experts including sports management professors and some sports organization managers were informed about the research topic. In the quantitative section, the statistical community included 140 federal governors, managers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth, as well as, sports management professors who were aware of sports issues in the country, identified by selecting all of them as the sample of the study. The research instrument is a questionnaire consisting of 37 questions. Some university professors review and approve the validity of this questionnaire. The reliability of this questionnaire is equal to 0. 88. SPSS and PLS software are used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that the determinants of the language of desirable language for managers include: transparency, motivation, accountability, attention to society, respect for religious values, attracting public contributions, presenting facts, adoring and respecting, observing justice and identity. Meanwhile, the response rate is considered the most important with the effect of 791. 0. These results indicate that sports organizations managers should improve all the language explanatory factors, including responding to communication with their environment.

Presence of supportive atmosphere in the form of organizational variables and coach-athletic relationships, while making an optimal executive commitment, had significant effect on athlete's turnover. Therefore, the main purpose of research was designing model of volleyball player’ s turnover intention based on coach behavioral support, club’ s support and organizational commitment. Sample size consist of N= 90 volleyball players and coaches, that selected with snowball and cognitive sampling method. To collect data, Kim (2007) turnover intention questionnaire, modified version of Eisenberger (1996) perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support and Meyers (1993) organizational commitment questionnaire used. The results showed that all three variables, perceived organizational support (β =0. 86), perceived supervisor Support (β =0. 88) and organizational commitment (β =0. 78) had significant effect on turnover intention. Also, the results of the regression test indicated that organizational factors (β =0. 86) were the main predictor of volleyball player's turnover. So, with consider to destructive outcomes of the turnover in elite athletes, necessity for attention in applying supportive styles by coach and top managers of the organization, for retain of volleyball players are recommended.

The purpose of this study was to designing model of effective marketing chaotic management in environment of development of athletic sport of Iran by ISM model. The present research is qualitative research with a descriptive-analytical nature and in type of applied research that has been carried out through interpretive structural method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 15 faculty members and sport management and sports experts in sports federations selected by selective sampling. Firstly, through the Delphi process, interviews with experts and library research, research items were identified as 78 items. Subsequently, the components were compiled by the experts and finally, 12 components were identified for the items. Then interpretive structural process was implemented and the MICMAC analysis of the power of influence and dependence of components of the model was determined. The findings showed that the components have 5 levels and the first level includes chaotic points and creativity and innovation, the second level involves change management and evaluation performance, the third level includes structural design, team work and organizational learning, the fourth level includes the recognition of the environment and the fifth level is the economic and cultural-religious factors, information technology and social media. According to the findings, it is recommended that sport organizations for develop of athletic sport by accurately understanding the environment and community structure design the organization in such way that will be provide developing market share through managing and impacting on critical and chaotic points.

In the early 21st century, rapid change has transformed so much the working environment of the managers are obliged to find new ways for their actions to adapt to evolution so that they can survive in the domestic and competitive arena. In fact, an organization will be successful that can achieve a competitive advantage. The purpose of the present study was to questionnaire determine validity and reliability of Competitive advantage Scale in the sport. This study was a kind of correlation analysis. The population of the study includes all male customers club sports (fitness and bodybuilding) Zanjan`s gave up. The sample according to the criterion of minimum required sample size for collecting data in the factor analysis, 260 customers were selected as sample. The questionnaire was distributed randomly. To gather the Competitive advantage factors affecting the questionnaire, customers (Hosseini, 2011), which has five components, homogeneous advantage, visible advantage, dynamic advantage, complex advantage, and constant advantage were used the Scoring method based on a Likert scale questions were worth 5. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined with the help of ten experts in Sports Sciences. In order to analyze test statistical Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite Reliability to determine the reliability of self-test, KMO for sampling adequacy taking, exploratory factor analysis to identify the parameters and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the validity of the statistical software SPSS 18 version and LISREL was used. the results about the relationships of factors with the meaning of Competitive advantage showed that all factors could be a good predictor for the concept of Competitive advantage, finally, the internal and external validity of Competitive advantage model was accepted. According to the approved instrument mentioned in this study, future researchers aimed to determine the extent of advertising by Competitive advantage tool can be used in the exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of perception as a determinant of market orientation on the attitude of customers in sports clubs in Tehran. The research method is correlation-survey and is a type of applied research that was carried out in field form. The statistical population of the study consists of all individuals who come to the sports clubs of Tehran. According to Morgan's table, 384 people were selected as the sample of the study. To collect data, a questionnaire on the determinants of Alert & Associates' market trends (2006) and customer attitude questionnaire (1391) Using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the market orientation factors was 0. 83 and the customer's attitude was 0. 89. To analyze the data of this study, elongation and skidding, Pearson correlation and structural equation model were used. According to the results of the research, the components of market tendency with customer's attitude were significant. Based on the results, the structural equation model of market orientation factors was able to predict customer attitudes, which is part of the variance of this component among customers. According to the results of the study, it seems that the managers and officials of the club should pay more attention to the factors determining the market orientation and benefit from the positive effects of these tendencies on the customer's attitude.

The participation of students in high quality sports events may improve their satisfaction of life, health of soul, and health of body. However, this study aimed to investigate the impact of sport events services features on happiness and loyalty of athletes in 14th Sports Olympiad for University Students in Iran with mediation of satisfaction with event. For this purpose, 180 volunteers from among athletes in 14th Sports Olympiad for University Students in Iran were selected as sample. The research tools included Alexandris’ s Sports Event Service Quality Questionnaire (2004), Brady et al. ’ s Satisfaction with Sports Events Scale (2006), Zeithaml et al. ’ s Loyalty Scale (1996), and Nicolas’ s Happiness Scale (2009). At Smart PLS 3 software, the partial least squares structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. The internal reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity of all variables were confirmed. The results of structural model showed that the R2 indices of satisfaction, loyalty, and happiness variables were 0. 630, 0. 417, and 0. 113, respectively. The Q2 indices of satisfaction, loyalty, and happiness variables were 0. 465, 0. 328, and 0. 071, respectively. Also, the results of structural model showed that the satisfaction had a significant impact on happiness and loyalty of students. The loyalty also affected their happiness. And, results quality affected their satisfaction. Also, the results of significanceperformance analysis indicated that the quality of results had the greatest impact on happiness of students. Therefore, holding a high-quality event may promote the happiness and life satisfaction of students.