Animal Science Journal
Year:2018 | Volume:31 | Issue:120|Papers Count:21

The aim of this experiment was to determine the digestible valine requirement of male Ross 308 broiler chicks in grower period. To evaluate valine requirement of male broiler chicks based on growth performance, a total of 450one day old male broiler chicks from8 to 21days of age, was assigned to 6 treatments with 5 replicate using a completely randomized design. Dietary valine was supplied in 6 levels from 0. 74, 0. 79, 0. 84, 0. 89, 0. 94 and 0. 99for the experimental period. Results of this study showed that the quadratic broken line model were used for determine of digestible valine requirement for Ross 308 male broiler chicks is the well fitted base on weight gain, feed conversion ratio and breast weight and Evaluated digestible valine content for these three performance parameters were 0. 93, 0. 91 and 0. 84 % of diet (Val/lys were 88, 86 and 79%), respectively. The result of this experiment showed that the all performance parameters and cell modified immune response were significantly affected by the valine supplementation in diet (P< 0. 01). The broiler chickens fed with 0. 89 % of digestible valine level had the highest cell modified immune response (1. 13± 0. 05 mm) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (1. 42± 0. 02) (P<0. 01), and also The broiler chickens fed with 0. 74 % of digestible valine level had the lowest cell modified immune response (0. 44± 0. 03 mm) and the highest feed conversion ratio (1. 60± 0. 06).

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of savory essential oil on performance, some carcass traits, immunity and hematology of broiler chicks. To this aim, 400 Ross 308 male chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates and 20 broiler chicks per experimental unit. Experimental treatments consisted of negative control (without any additive in drinking water), positive control (drinking water containing Orego-Stim) and drinking water containing 100, 200 and 300 mg savory essential oil per liter. The results showed that the addition of all levels of savory essential oil to drinking water of broiler chicks in the first and second weeks of breeding resulted in a significant increase in feed intake. Moreover, at the first weeks use of 100 and 200 mg/lit of savory essential oil significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in all groups were less than negative control group (P<0. 05). Relative weight of liver and abdominal fat was higher in chickens who received 100 mg/lit of savory essential oil in their drinking water than other groups (P<0. 05). There was a significant difference among experimental treatments for some blood parameters such as blood lipids, MCH and AST liver enzyme content (P<0. 05). The results indicated that the use of savory essential oil in drinking water has had a positive effect on growth performance and feed efficiency of broiler chicks, especially during the early period of rearing.

Accurate estimation of variance components using pedigree and genomic data plays a key role in prediction of breeding values. Since SNP markers in genomic selection are distributed across the genome, they may cover all quantitative traits loci and potentially explain all of genetic variation. In this study, genotype data from Merino sheep, genotyped by 50k Illumina SNP chip were used. Staple length and Fibre diameter traits were studied in this research. To study the association between allele frequency spectrum and captured additive genetic variance, all SNPs were partitioned in five MAF bins with the equal numbers of SNPs. Two statistical models including separate analysis for each category of MAF SNPs or joint analysis of all MAF groups were fitted. The analysis were performed using REML (parametric) and a Bayesian method implemented via Gibbs sampling and RKHS (semi-parametric) model. Using all common SNPs in REML approach, estimates of genomic heritability were 0. 72 and 0. 48 for Staple length and Fibre diameter, respectively. In Bayesian approach, genomic heritability for mentioned traits were 0. 74 and 0. 47 respectively. In the separate analysis, estimates of genomic heritability using REML and Bayesian approaches for each MAF class were similar, but in joint analysis estimates of two approaches were different. Overall, when the model is simple both approaches perform similarly while when model is complicated as joint analysis in present study, two approaches work different. Therefore, to determine which approach is more reliable, further research is required

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of phospholipid supplement and oil sources on performance and blood biochemical parameters of Japanese quails. A total number of 270seven-day-olds Japanese quails were selected, and analyzed in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, three replicates and 10 quails per each replicate. Experimental diets included: basal diet with 3 levels of phospholipid supplement (0, 0. 1 and 0. 2%) with 3 oil types (poultry, rapeseed, mixed of poultry and rapeseed). Results showed neither feed intake nor feed conversion ratio were not influenced by the type of oils. Using oil with phospholipid caused reduction in body weight and feed intake however increment in feed conversion ratio (p<0. 05). Using poultry oil with/without phospholipid supplementation (0. 1%) significantly increased breast and thigh weights in quail’ s (p<0. 05). Poultry oil with phospholipid supplement showed a significant effect on blood parameters, so that the levels of HDL increased but did not show significant effect with poultry oil and without phospholipid on cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The most neutrophil count was related to treatment received rapeseed oil with 0. 1% phospholipid supplement. Overall, the use of poultry oil with phospholipids supplement improved carcass traits and positively affected blood and hematological parameters in Japanese quails.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different levels of zinc sulfate on improving the quality of ram semen during freeze-thawing process outside of the reproductive season. Semen samples were collected from five Ghezel ram twice a week using the artificial vagina. Sperm samples were assigned to four treatment groups including: control, 17. 5, 35 and 52. 5 μ m zinc sulfate, and then the freezing process was performed. After thawing motility, morphology and malondialdehyde levels of sperm were studied. Total and progressive motility of sperm containing the 17. 5 µ mol/ml zinc sulfate were significantly higher than control group (P <0. 05). There was a significant difference in sperm morphology in the group receiving 52. 5 μ mol of zinc sulfate compared to the control group, which caused 52. 5% increase in abnormal sperm (P <0. 05). Adding 17. 5 μ mol of zinc sulfate increased unsignificantly the viability of sperms compared to the control group, but adding 35 and 52. 5 μ mol decreased significantly (P <0. 05). The level of malondialdehyde production in the 35 µ mol was lower than the other treatment groups and the control group and there was a significant difference between the groups 17. 5 and 35 in comparison with the control group (P <0. 05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of 17. 5 and 35 µ mol Zinc sulfate in Ghezel ram diluent semen improves some of the parameters of the sperm after the freeze-thawing process.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of green tea waste (GTW) on gain performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in feedlot lambs. For this purpose, four experimental treatments with 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent of dry matter GTW were used. The amount of final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significant among treatments with 2, 4 and 6% GTW (P<0. 05) but there was no significant difference between treatment with 2% GTW and control in relation to performance. Treatment contain 2% GTW had the highest value of CP digestibility among the treatments (P<0. 05). There were no significant differences in DM and OM digestibility of 2% GTW treatment and control group, but they were significantly more than other treatments (P<0. 05). Nitrogen retention of 2% GTW treatment was not significantly different from control treatment, but it was significantly more than other treatments (P< 0. 05). The amount of ammonia nitrogen of rumen liquor was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0. 05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0. 05). According to the results, using GTW in 2% level (DM) of lamb’ s feedlot diet improved performance because of better digestibility and nitrogen balance.

Enterococcus plays an important role in various industries. Some Enterococci isolated from dairy and breast milk has been reported as probiotics. However, these species selected as starter cultures or as probiotics should be evaluated for their safety and the absence of different virulence traits including virulence genes and antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the safety of locally isolated Enterococcus species biochemically and targeting essential virulence genes by PCR method. A number of suspected Enterococcus species isolated from ewe milk, traditional cheese and mothers' milk were identified to genus level by phenotypic characteristics and 16SrRNA sequencing. The selected isolates were screened for their probiotic properties by determining their acid and bile resistance, antibacterial activity against a number of pathogens and antibiotic resistance. Phenotypic virulence parameters including lipase, DNAse and hemolysis of red blood cells, was determined. The presence or absence of a number of virulence genes including asa1, hyl, esp, agg, gelE, cylA, cylB, cylM, efaAfm, efaAfs and vancomycin resistance genes including vanA, vanH, vanR and vanY was evaluated. The results of this study determined the probiotic properties of some of these species. Four isolates showed acid and bile salt tolerance and showed significant antimicrobial effects. All isolates from Breast milk, lacked virulence genes. In virulance phenotypic experiments, all strains were alpha hemolytic. All strains were susceptible to Tetracycline, Cephalothin Amoxicillin, Cefazolin and Doxycycline and all of them except the TA00154 strain, were resistant to Nalidixic acid and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Citrus Lemon essential oil on in vitro nutrient digestibility and rumen microbial fermentation in male Holstein calves. four fistulated male Holstein calves (average body weight 650± 20 kg) were allocated to five experimental diets including basic diet without additive (control), control + 300 mg Monensin, control + 600, 800 and 1000 mg lemon essential/d for five periods of 17 days and in a change-over complete randomized block design. Inclusion of 800 mg lemon essential/d decreased digestibility of dry and organic matter, but the other treatments did not have a significant effect. Inclusion of 600 and 800 mg/d of Citrus Lemon essential oil significantly decreased rumen N-NH3 concentration and the diet containing of 1000 mg/d decreased acetate to propionate ratio in rumen. The treatments had no significant effects on protozoa count and rumen pH. Generally, the results of this study showed that diets containing citrus lemon essential oil showed better performance in comparison to Monensin based diets. More investigations should be done to evaluate the effects of lemon essential oil on performance of ruminants.

In order to investigate the effect of particles size of sorghum silage mixed with alfalfa and concentrate levels on digestibility of nutrients, rumen parameters and dietary intake behavior, four male Raeini goat (BW, 30. 1± 3. 0 kg) were used in chageover designs experiment to measure feed intake and nutrients digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters and feed intake behaviors. To prepare silage, 800 kg of sorghum forage with different particles size (15 and 30 mm) were ensiled using special nylon bags. The experimental diets were: 1) diet contains 40% of the coarse sorghum silage and alfalfa hay and 60 % concentrate 2) diet contains 60% of the coarse sorghum silage and alfalfa hay and 40% concentrate 3) diet contains 40% of the fine sorghum silage and alfalfa hay and 60 % concentrate 4) diet contains 60% of the fine sorghum silage and alfalfa hay and 40% concentrate. The consumption of dry and organic matter was affected by experimental rations (1. 20, 1. 05, 1. 37, 1. 24 and 1. 07, 1. 02, 1. 27 and 1. 12 kg respectivily) and increased with decreasing sorghum silage particles size (P <0. 05), but particles size of sorghum silage did not affect digestibility of nutrients. Population of cellulolytic protozoa species and the production of microbial protein were influenced by the particles size of sorghum silage and concentrate levels (P<0. 05). Eating, ruminanting and total chewing activating were increased by increasing sorghum silage particles size. The results showed that sorghum silage with high or low concentrate lvels can be fed without any negative impact on small ruminants like Raeini goats.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on growth performance, blood parameters and ruminal fermentation in Holstein fattening bulls. For this purpose, eighteen growing Holstein bulls (245 ± 11 d) with an initial BW of 328. 4± 17. 7 were assigned to experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of barley or corn based diets (100 % barley or corn as the source of grain). Results indicated that dry matter intake (DMI) tended (P = 0. 06) to be greater in calves fed corn than those fed barley. Calves fed with corn grain had greater average daily gain (ADG) than those received barley during the first period (d 1 to 28); however, treatments had no effect on ADG in the second period (d 29 to 56). Blood metabolites including glucose, beta-hydroxy butyrate, albumin, total protein and urea nitrogen were not affected by treatments, however, substituting barley with corn decreased aspartate amino transferase in both periods (P = 0. 01 and P = 0. 05, respectively). Ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acids concentrations were similar between treatments, however, in calves fed with corn grain the molar proportion of acetate (P = 0. 03) and acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0. 04) increased and the molar proportion of propionate decreased in comparison with calves fed barley. These results, demonstrated that corn grain could be a promising substitution for barley grain in fattening bull's diets with high concentrate level and finely ground grains.

The use of sesame meal in poultry feed is limited due to the anti-nutritional factor of phytic acid and the lack of secretion of the phytase enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract. For this purpose, enzyme supplements or phytase-producing microorganisms can be used to break down phytate. The purpose of this experiment was comparing the effects of raw and processed sesame meal by solid-state fermentation on performance, carcass characteristic, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. sesame meal was fermented with a liquid mixed culture containing Lactobacillus plantarum in a ratio of 1: 1. 2. After 25-day fermentation, phytic acid was reduced from 17. 39 to 5. 26 mmol/g. A total of 315 Ross-308 broilers in a completely randomized design were allocated to 7 treatments with 3 replicates. Experimental treatments were containing 25, 50 and 75% raw or/and fermented sesame meal replaced by soybean meal in diets. The results show that levels of 25 and 50% fermented sesame meal compared with raw sesame meal improved broilers performance (P<0. 05). Abdominal fat was significantly lower in treatments of 50% and 75% fermented sesame meal compared to other treatments (P<0. 05). Villi in the duodenum and jejunum of the birds fed on diets containing 25 and 50% fermented sesame meal were significantly higher than for the other experimental groups (P<0. 05). Considering the similarity of the results of control treatments and 50% fermented sesame meal in weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the use of fermented sesame meal is suggested up to 50% replacement level with soybean meal in the diet.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of the feed form on characteristics of litter, quality characteristics of foot and breast and tibia bone indices in broilers. A total of 936 broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (mash, pellet and extrude) with 12 replicates and 26 day-old chicks in each pen that were reared for 6 weeks. Litter quality (PH, Moisture, Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and nitrogen retention) values, the counts of the microbial populations (bacterial and fungi), foot and carcass lesions (lameness, footpad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters), calcium and phosphorus content of tibia bone and tibia bone characteristics (length, diameter, weight, weight percent, strength of fragility) were determined at 42 days of age and mortality was recorded daily. The results have shown that the greater percentage of the moisture, TVN, nitrogen and the lower counts of the spore bacteria and fungi of litter were found by extrude diet form. There is no significant difference on footpad dermatitis, breast blister, calcium and phosphorus of bone and tibia bone characteristics, but the higher rate of hock burns, lameness and percentage of the mortality were observed by pellet and extrude diet form compared with mash diet form in broiler chicken. So pellet and extrude diet form have shown negative effects on values of the moisture, TVN, nitrogen of litter and percentage of mortality and increased incidence of hock burn and lameness in broilers compared with mash diet form.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary Zinc sources on performance, immune system and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Seven hundred and eighty five day-old broiler chickens (Arian strain) were randomly allocated to 35 experimental units (25 birds in each). This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, as a 2×3 factorial with two sources (Zinc sulphate and Zinc-glycine) and three levels of dietary Zinc (40, 80 and 120 mg/kg) comparing with control group (without Zinc supplement). Effect of dietary treatments on body weight (day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35) was significant (P<0. 05); however, no difference was observed between the treatments regarding to feed intake (P>0. 05). Immune responses (antibody titer against SRBC, IgG, IgM, antibody titer against Newcastle virus), percentage of heterophile, lymphocyte and also heterophile to lymphocyte ratio were not influenced by the source and level of dietary Zinc. According to the results, mineral form of dietary zinc (ZnSO4) caused no significant difference in performance, carcass traits and immune responses of broilers in comparison with organic form (Zinc-glycine).

Iranian native chickens are considered as the basic genetic material for breeding programs. Breeding programs principally require identification and conservation of genetic diversity of these populations. Assessment of mitochondrial genome in one breed and comparing it with other breeds can give a good indicator of diversity in that population. In order to assess the genetic diversity among Iranian Lari chickens, 23 chickens were selected from Larestan County in Fars Province as the sample of the study. Then, DNA was extracted after blood sampling. The HVR-I section of D-loop region of mitochondrial genome was amplified using specific primers and then the amplified fragments were sequenced after purification. A total of 21 high quality sequences was obtained, among which 5SNPs were identified. Three haplotypes were found from the analysis of the obtained sequences. They were recorded in GenBank under access codes of KF957610, KF957611, and kF957612. Similar mitochondrial genome sequences of other breeds existing in GenBank and Iranian Marandi and Mazandarani chickens were obtained and then the corresponding phylogenic tree was drawn. Phylogenic results indicated that Iranian Lari chickens are more similar to Marandi and Mazandarani, Azerbaijan native, barred Plymouth Rock, and Silky and Sonerati chicken breeds. Then it can be concluded that Iranian Lari native chickens breed may have genetic similarities with these breed.

This study was conducted for genetic analysis of Markhoz goats for autosomal and X chromosomes for average daily gain traits from birth to yearling. The data set contained 3837 average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADG1), 3467 average daily gain from weaning to 6-month (ADG2), 3133 average daily gain from 6-month to 9-month (ADG3) and 2726 average daily gain from 9-month to 12-month (ADG4) collected during 1992-2014 in Markhoz Goat Breeding Center of Sanandaj. Fixed effects affecting the studied traits were determined using Proc GLM of the SAS 8. 2 software and variance components and genetic parameters were estimated by Average Information algorithm of Restricted Maximum Likelihood (AI-REML) using Wombat software. The most appropriate model for each trait was determined by Akaike’ s Information Criterion (AIC) test. Direct autosomal heritability estimates for ADG1, ADG2, ADG3 and ADG4 were 0. 14± 0. 03, 0. 00± 0. 02, 0. 14± 0. 04 and 0. 06± 0. 03, respectively. X-linked direct heritability estimates for these traits were negligible values of 0. 00± 0. 02, 0. 08± 0. 02, 0. 06± 0. 02 and 0. 04± 0. 02, respectively. Maternal heritability for ADG1 and ADG3 were 0. 06± 0. 02 and 0. 04± 0. 03, respectively. Maternal permanent environmental variance for ADG3 and ADG4 were 0. 03± 0. 02. The low estimations of direct heritabilities for autosomal and sexual chromosomes were obtained in the current study, therefore direct selection for these traits would be generate a relatively slow genetic progress.

A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Coriander seed (CS) and α-tocopheryl acetate on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. Two hundred forty one-old day chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to four treatments arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates and 20 chicks per replicate. Dietary treatments included a negative control (NC) (maize-soybean diet without food additive), positive control (PC) (basal diet with 250 mg of α-tocopheryl acetate/kg), the third and fourth experimental groups basal diet were supplemented with 0. 3 or 0. 6 percent of CS/kg. According to the results, chickens were fed CS in comparison with control groups has not significant differences in average daily gain, feed intake and FCR. Crypt depth and surface area in absorptive villi segment in chicken fed with 0. 6% CS significantly increased compared to NC group (0. 22± 0. 011 and 0. 66± 0. 009 versus 0. 21± 0. 004 and 0. 60± 0. 012 mm and mm2, respectively). Dietary supplementation of 0. 6% CS significantly increased the digestibility of protein (3. 99%) and fat (4. 33%) compared to NC treatment. In conclusion, using of CS at the level of 0. 6% in the diet of broiler chickens could be advisable due to its positive effects on dietary fat digestibility, growth performance and small intestinal morphology.

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of pistachio seed coat (PSC: testa) and its feeding effect on nutrients digestibility and blood parameters in sheep. Chemical composition and nutritive values of PSC were determined by laboratory method and using gas test, respectively. Then PSC was used in four levels as a substitute of wheat bran. The experimental diets were: 1) control diet (without PSC, 2) diet with 5 percent PSC, 3) diet with 10 percent PSC and 4) diet had 15 percent PSC. Four mature Kermani rams (4 ± 54) were used in 4 × 4 Latin square design in four periods of 21 days. The mean of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF and organic matter of PSC were 90. 97, 19. 35, 20. 09, 45. 14, 40. 72 and 93. 78% respectively. Metabolizable energy of PSC was estimated 3. 71 Mcal/kg. Dry matter intake was not affected by the level of PSC. By increasing the level of PSC the values of EE and NDF digestibilities were increased (P <0/05). Also, blood total protein concentration and triglycerides of sheep were increased but BUN decreased (P <0/05). In conclusion, due to the good nutritive value of PSC it is recommended to use it up to 15% in the diet of sheep.

An experiment was conducted for evaluation the effects of raisin waste (RW) on the performance, blood parameters and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Numbers of 15 Baluchi male lambs (average weight of 21. 15± 0. 67 kg) were allocated to 3 treatments with a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 1) control (40% alfalfa and no RW), 2) replacement of 50% alfalfa with RW and 3) replacement of 100% alfalfa with RW. Using RW in treatments 2 and 3 had a significant effect on average daily gain compared with control ration (P<0. 05). With increasing the amount of RW in the ration, the total protein of serum (TPP) decreased significantly (P<0. 05) in the first period of experiment (14-28 days). However, other blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were not affected by the treatments (P>0. 05). The level of TG, AST, TPP and BUN decreased compared with control ration (P<0. 05) within the second period of experiment (42-56 days). The lowest amount of acetic acid and valeric acid within the first period of the experiment was for treatment 3, while the highest level of valeric acid and isovaleric acid within the second period was for treatment 1( P<0. 05). Adding RW to the ration had no significant effect on pH of ruminal fluid (P>0. 05). Overall results showed that replacing part of alfalfa with RW as a low cost product not only had no negative-impact on the studied parameters in Baluchi lambs but it also improved their performance.

An experiment was conducted to investigate two adsorbents containing ash prepared from the melon skin and sodium bentonite in removing bromocresol green as water pollutant in a culture medium prepared from rumen microorganisms and artificial salivary. Bromocresol green at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ppm) with processed sodium bentonite or ash prepared from melon skin, each at three levels (0, 4 and 8 mg) were used with a 3×2×3 factorial experiment in a laboratory media according to completely randomized design. Some of the fermentation parameters were estimated in the culture medium and the effect of adsorbents on bromocresol green removal was also evaluated in water at 3 and 24 hours. The effective removal of dye was observed (especially at 4% skin melon ash) when two adsorbent was added to water. Compared to the control, the gas production potential, cumulative gas production after 12, 24 and 48h incubation, metabolizable energy, short chain fatty acids, net energy for lactation, microbial protein yield, and organic matter digestibility increased significantly (P<0. 05) when 5ppm of dye was added to the culture medium, but the 10 ppm of dye resulted in a decrease in these parameters. Generally, the addition of two adsorbents to the culture medium not only did not reduce the negative effects of the dye (10 ppm) on the fermentation parameters but also reduced some of these parameters and also it seems that ruminal microorganisms can use bromocerosol green (up to 5 ppm) to increase their fermentation parameters.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of pelleted diets containing different levels of sugarcane Vinasses on dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), digestibility and ruminal parameters in male lambs using a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The experimental diets were containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% levels of sugarcane Vinasses in DM instead of sugarcane molasses. The experiment lasted for 25 days, including 15 days of adaptation and 10 days for sampling. No significant differences were observed for digestion of DM in response to vinasse addition (P>0. 05). Digestibility of crude protein at the level of 20% Vinasses was lower than that of other groups (P<0. 05). Ether extract digestibility decreased at the level of 10% Vinasses compared to control, and increased in other diets (P<0. 05). Digestibility of NDF at level of 15% Vinasses was higher than that of other levels (P<0. 05). The amount of acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids was decreased by increasing the level of Vinasses (P<0. 05). In total, sugarcane vinasse can be substituted for molasses without any adverse effect on digestibility and ruminal fermentation up to 15% of DM in Lorry-Bakhtiari male lambs diet and preventing its release to the environment. However, in order to make a more correct conclusion, we must consider the efficiency of animal growth and the economic efficiency of the inclusion of sugarcane vinasse in the diet.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of P. indica spore as a new source of prebiotics in broiler diets. A total of 160 male broilers (Ross 308) was divided to 5 treatments and 4 replications of 8 chicks in each replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatments included (1) control, (2) control Along with 3×106 cfu/g P. indica spores, (3) control Along with 6×106 cfu/g spore fungus P. indica, (4) control Along with 9×106 spore fungus P. indica and (5) control Along with 14×106 fungus. During the experimental period, feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly and FCR was calculated. Blood characteristics and intestinal morphology was evaluated at 42 d of age. Cecal bacterial population for E. coli, coliforms and salmonella, was measured at 42 days. The results showed that the inclusion of 6×106 cfu/g spore P. indica significantly increased feed intake and body weight gain P<0/05). Supplementing different levels of fungal spores P. indica had significant effects on feed conversion ratio )P> 0/05). The results showed that the villi length and crypt depth was reduced (P< 0/05) by addition of P. indica spores to the basal diets. Results of current experiments demonstrated that P. indica inoculant at level of 3×106 cfu/g significantly reduced the Salmonella and E. coli population in ceca (P< 0/05). Based on the results of this study, 6×106 cfu/g P. indica spors could be result an improvement in performance and would be comparable to commercial prebiotics.