EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES
Year:2018 | Volume:11 | Issue:4|Papers Count:18

Introduction: Considering the role of students in the development of the country, and the role of sociological-cognitive features in teaching and learning process, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social intelligence and the post-graduate students' perceptions of the classroom structure and the intermediate role of self-efficacy beliefs. Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-correlation, especially based on structural equation modeling. The research population includes all dormitory post-graduate students of Tehran University. The research tool includes social intelligence, self-efficacy beliefs and perceptions of the class structure questionnaires. Results: The findings of the study indicated significant positive relationship between social intelligence with self-efficacy beliefs (r = 0. 43) and perception of classroom structure (r = 0. 58), also between self-efficacy beliefs and perception of classroom structure (r = 0. 37), (P < 0. 01). The results of the standardized direct route coefficients indicated that social intelligence illustrate 0. 52 changes self-efficacy beliefs and 0. 84 changes perception of classroom structure. Also self-efficacy beliefs illustrate 0. 29 changes perception of postgraduate students of classroom structure. Conclusions: Considering the significant relationship and the role of explaining changes in perceptual of classroom structure through social intelligence and self-efficacy beliefs, thus offer holding workshops and classes on social intelligence and self-efficacy beliefs for students to strengthen their perception of classroom structure and the development of teaching-learning process.

Introduction: This research has been conducted with the purpose of addressing the relationship between excessive use of mobile phone and the academic burnout and experience of distress of students. Methods: This research is a descriptive-correlation and practical research. The statistical population of this research includes all the educational sciences students of Payame Noor University of Ahvaz having who have been students during 2016-2017 academic year and they were 518 people. According to Morgan’ s table, 210 people were chosen by random sampling method. The tool for gathering information was questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, frequency table, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used in the descriptive statistics section, and Pearson correlation test was used in the inferential statistics section. Results: According to the results of Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a significant and positive relationship between the variables of excessive use of mobile phone and academic burnout (r = 0. 92) at the confidence level of 99 percent (P < 0. 01). Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between the variables of excessive use of mobile phone and experience of distress (r =-0. 51) at the confidence level of 99 percent. Conclusions: The results of the research indicated that there was a relationship between endurance distress and excessive use of mobile phones among students. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the excessive use of mobile phones and academic burnout.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to the effect of educating cognitive self-compassion on academic wellbeing of secondary school students in Shahrekord. Methods: The research methodology was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the current study included all female high school sophomores in ShahreKord during the academic year of 2017-18. The sample size was 40 with random substitution in two groups of experimental (20) and control (20) people. The experimental group was trained under the cognitive self-compassion strategy. The tools for collecting data were Stress Questionnaire due to the Of Academic wellbeing Tuominen-Soini et al (2012). Inferential statistics of multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data Results: The results of data analysis showed that cognitive self-censorship education has a significant effect on reducing academic burnout and increasing involvement in school homework, school value and academic satisfaction (P < 0. 01). Conclusions: As a consequence, according to the results of the present study, paying attention to cognitive self-compassion in schools is considered highly significant and is known as an important factor in reducing student academic burnout and increasing involvement in school homework, school value and academic satisfaction.

Introduction: Today, the media provide the possibility of communication between students and teachers, content and teachers and students with their peers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the use of visual-auditory media and educational software by primary teachers of Tabriz city. Methods: The research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study includes all Tabriz elementary school teachers in the academic year of 2017-2018. The sample size from among 4025 elementary teachers of Tabriz city, according to Morgan table, was 351. The sample was selected by cluster random sampling method. Data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and reliability of Cronbach's alpha was 0. 738. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods including exploratory factor analysis were used to identify and Friedman method was used to prioritize factors. Results: The use of audiovisual media by primary teachers is roughly modest, 3 to 5 hours a week, and the use of software by primary teachers is less than moderate. 8 factors affecting the use of visual-auditory media and educational software were identified by primary teachers as follows: 1-Supporting school management 2-Content of audiovisual media and educational software 3-Individual characteristics of teachers 4-School equipment 5-Seniority of teachers. 6-Skills for teachers. 7-Technical support. 8-Organizational and administrative factors. Conclusions: Educational planners should make strategic decisions on the basis of identified factors and prioritizing them in order to make the most of the teachers use the media and educational software.

Introduction: The present study aims at investigating and designing a model for improving universities’ educational functions to develop the third generation universities. Methods: As an applied research, a qualitative approach was used to collect data in this study through open interviews with 18 experts. The participants consisted of three groups including industry experts as representatives of industry, managers, and directors in the ministry of science and technology as representatives of government and policy makers, and university faculty members as representatives of university sector with invaluable experiences regarding the relationship between university and industry. To analyze qualitative data, the approach of open coding, axial coding, and selected coding was used. Results: The open coding process resulted in the identification of 48 major concepts Then, the data was analyzed regarding the educational model of the third generation universities. The proposed model includes 6 selective codings, 11 axial codings, and 48 open codings. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the third generation universities require features similar and different from other universities such as an emphasizing functional education, skill-oriented approach, intensive programs for advancing industry, goal-oriented educational programs, advocating entrepreneurship and business, and conducting needs analysis in industry. Hence, the universities are recommended taking into account the above-mentioned criteria and socioeconomic needs in planning their educational policies to move toward the third generation universities.

Introduction: Information and communication technology has led to the emergence of new ways of teaching and learning. E-learning is also one of the new ways of learning in the present era; therefore, for the e-learning system to be effective, it must identify and eliminate the problems that it faces. The purpose of this study was to explain the evaluation of electronic learning system in medical education. Methods: In this research, qualitative content analysis method was used with an inductive approach of categorization type. The statistical population of the study consisted of MSc students of the e-learning coures of School of Management and Medical Education of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, A targeted sampling method was used for selecting them and 60 MSc students were selected as the sample of the study. The research tool was a semi-structured interview and the duration of each interview varied from 20 minutes to one hour, interviews with the whole students lasted one week. Also, 20 papers and 2 books in this field were examined and analyzes continued to saturation. The registration unit was contents in this research. At the end, using the inductive content analysis method and by continuously comparing the obtained codes, 7 categories and 35 sub categories were obtained and evaluation of the e-learning system School of Medical Education were categorized as 7 main categories, students, professors, planning, support, technology, and technical. Results: According to the research findings, the electronic learning system of medical education universities as a new system in the field of education and learning have dvantages and problems, medical education universities should try to identify the problems Each section of the electronic learning system will work towards the elimination of the problems and provide the ground for the development of e-learning. Conclusions: This research can serve as a guide for teachers and e-learning designers to increase the effectiveness of e-learning courses in medical education and ultimately make learning more effective.

Introduction: The present research aimed to study the social relationships and academic achievement of 10th grade female students based on their degree of dependence on virtual social networks. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of 10th grade girl students in district 1 of Ahwaz, with a total of 140 people. Based on Morgan’ s table, 100 individuals were selected through multi-stage random sampling. To collect data, researcher-made questionnaires on measure of the use of virtual social networks, social relationships and academic achievement have been used. In order to analyze the data obtained from the research in the level of descriptive statistics, the frequency and mean were used, and also in the level of inferential statistics, the Pearson, analysis of one way and tukey's variance correlation test was used. Data were analyzed using spss statistical softwar. Results: There was a negative and significant relationship between the time spent on social networking and students' social relationships (P < 0. 01). Also, the results of this study showed that there is a negative and non-significant relationship between the time devoted to virtual social networks and academic achievement of students (P > 0. 19). Conclusions: In addition to planning for preventing possible damage of these networks in the context of students' social relationships, considering the possibilities offered by virtual networks to the students, virtual networking capabilities can be developed to deepen learning, increased motivation for academic achievement, class participation, and student group activities.

Introduction: Identify the main categories of educational status, challenges and strategies for increasing the quality of education in the vocational organization. Methods: Qualitative research was carried out based on the data-base theory and research tool; upstream documentation, description of coaching staffs and semi-structured interviews with 20 trainees with experienced technical and vocational centers in Tehran and 7 trainees (Snowball sampling) and information analysis method; content analysis. The codes and components of the quality of education (39 key concepts, 9 categories, and 3 main categories) were derived from the interviews. The main issue was "weak teaching skills and traditional teaching patterns", which were presented in accordance with the causal conditions (11 codes), background conditions (4 codes), mediation conditions (3 codes), and strategies (16 codes) of the final model. Accreditation of the results was also used to test the openness strategies (reviewed by three interviewees; the obtained reliability was 75%) and the intra-subject agreement of two coders (one of the professors of management; 77% of the reliability was obtained). Results: Categories such as teacher training skills, in-house planning, and equipment and facilities are considered as the main categories that managers should pay special attention to the quality of their training. Conclusions: The present study indicates the importance of paying attention and reviewing the educational and planning infrastructure of the managers and trainers of the vocational organization as their mission of training.

Introduction: Boredom is one of the important causes of motivation decrease in medical students. Identifying the effective factors on it, is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the state of boredom and its related factors among medical students of Islamic Azad University of Qom. Methods: This study was carried out on 173 students. After obtaining students' satisfaction and recording demographic data, boredom was measured in a questionnaire with 65 questions in three domains: home, university, and community. T student and ANOVA tests were used to compare the data. Results: The results of our study showed that there is a meaningful relationship between the state of impatience and the university's factor, the factor of the house and the factor of the place of residence. (P < 0. 05). On the other hand, in our study, it was found that there is no significant relationship between the state of impatience and social factor, gender factor, indigenous factor, marital status factor, occupational factor and physical activity factor (P > 0. 05). Conclusions: Considering the impatience relationship with the university's factor, the factor of the house and the factor of the place of residence, it is necessary to plan programs to educate and hold classes to increase the positive patterns in the three variables of the university's factor, the factor of the house and the factor of place of residence.

Introduction: Hidden curriculum is one of the main topics of curriculum planning, and its effects on students' knowledge, attitudes and behavior are often greater than formal curriculum. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of hidden curriculum components in the professional adaptation of Tabriz University students. Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes all students of Tabriz University in the academic year of 97-96. The sample size was estimated using randomized cluster sampling, 380 people. Data gathering tools include: 1. A researcher-made questionnaire composed of 11 components of the hidden curriculum with a reliability coefficient of 0. 97; and 2. The two-component and 34-item questionnaire of Pork-Kabirian's professional compatibility with a reliability coefficient of 0. 93. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the professors of the Department of Educational Sciences. Collected data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and focal correlation coefficient. Results: The obtained meanings in hidden curriculum components and professional adaptation were often higher than theoretical average. The focal root of both variables was statistically significant. For the first root, correlation coefficient was 0. 37 for the root root and 0. 21 for the root root. Thus, in the first focal root, the hidden curriculum dimensions are 16%, and in the second focal root, 5% of the changes in job adjustment are explained. Conclusions: The use of technology, especially the use of virtual social networks is causing Learner academic engagement, increased motivation, Enthusiasm and learning skills of students, The ability to quickly expand the content of the course and easy access for all individuals, personalized / individualized materials and virtual social networks can be used from virtual social networks in order to take of its advantage in education and learning students.

Introduction: Attention to productivity in universities and the variables in this process can be effective in promoting the skills of university administrators. So the purpose of this study is to determine the challenges that administrators in open and distance universities encounter and then provide remedial strategies in these universities according to the findings. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population includes all administrators of open and distance universities in Tehran in the academic year of 2017. The sample size is 246 who were selected through available sampling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software. Results: The results of study show that there are some factors that are the causes of challenges in the productivity of managers. These factors include: the low level of job doing quality, inefficiency of organizational structures, the weakness of administrative system, the lack of meritocracy in management, the lack of trust between managers and employees, lack of proper and up-to-date training on productivity, lack of long-term vision in management, lack of clarity of missions in the organization, lack of employee’ s morality, and reducing the employee’ s participation system within the organization. Conclusions: This model can provide a boost to the efficiency of open and distance university managers. This model should improve the quality level of doing things, operationalize inefficacy of organizational structure, weak management systems, lack of merit in management in open and distance universities. All distance and virtual universities, such as medical science, state, Azad, scientific-practical, and nonprofit universities can benefit the results of this study.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the structural and health factors affecting the formulation of a model of self-assessment of schools and their status. Methods: The research method was mixed. In the qualitative section, 19 experts were selected as the research sample. The research tool was semi-structured and deep interviewed. For analysis of data, open source coding, axial coding and selective coding were used. In a quantitative part, the research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study was directors and teachers of schools and faculty members of universities, as well as heads of education departments, among whom 514 were selected as statistical sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. To validate the validity of the research tool, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis were cited. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test was used. The software used was SPSS. Results: The findings of the qualitative section showed that the structural-health factors included four core concepts: school cleanliness and fitness, school health, school safety and greenery, and school beauty. The results of the quantitative section also showed that the status of all four variables was higher than the mean of the standard (P < 0. 01). Conclusions: Considering the importance of structural and health factors, it is necessary for the responsible authorities to pay attention to these factors in order to improve the quality of schools.

Introduction: The use of virtual social networks as one of the innovative means of information and communication technology has been welcomed in recent years. Virtual social networks are used in various fields of political, social, cultural, educational and etc. In education, students increasingly use social networking sites to create and maintain social relationships and support informal learning practices and learning activities. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the use of virtual social networks with the Enthusiasm and Academic Engagement among students. Methods: In terms of aim this is an applied research and in terms of methodology it is descriptive a kind of correlation. The Statistical Society of research includes all Allameh Tabatabai University’ s students who were enrolled in the academic year of 95-96. 300 of them were selected by the Targeted sampling method. Research tool of present study is questionnaire of Enthusiasm and academic engagement. Results: The analysis of data has been done by the Multiple Regression and Pearson Correlation Coefficient method. The results indicated that there is relationship between the rate of use virtual social networks with the enthusiasm and academic engagement of students. (P < 0. 01) There is a positive and meaningful relationship between the rate of virtual social networks and the components of academic engagement (cognitive, behavioral and motivational engagement). (P < 0. 01) There is a positive and meaningful relationship between the rate of use virtual social networks and components of the academic enthusiasm (cognitive, emotional and behavioral enthusiasm) (P < 0. 01) as well. Conclusions: The use of technology, especially the use of virtual social networks is causing Learner academic engagement, increased motivation, Enthusiasm and learning skills of students, The ability to quickly expand the content of the course and easy access for all individuals, personalized / individualized materials and virtual social networks can be used from virtual social networks in order to take of its advantage in education and learning students.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify and the role of organizational and economic factors affecting the development of second-grade high school teachers at Districts I and II of Ardabil Education Administration in 2018. Methods: This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and using focal group’ s method. The research community consisted of professors, specialists and managers of human resource development, In addition to an individual interview with 5 faculty members, 51 individuals were selected as key informants through six groups, through targeted theoretical sampling to achieve theoretical saturation Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data analysis method was inductive content analysis using open, axial and selective coding. Results: The Results of Focus group discussion interviews indicated that development of teachers consists of educational courses, organizational culture, managers’ roles, performance evaluation system, reward and Promotion system, Sustenance and material conditions, and facilities. Based on the results, Based on the results, the role of each factor in the development of teachers was explained. Conclusions: Professional development of teachers is considered as the most commonly used version to improve the efficiency and health of educational systems. Educational managers can use the results of this study to make the necessary plans for the development of their teachers and cause fundamental change in the quality of human resources and, consequently, in student learning.

Introduction: Education is one of the patients’ rights and a means to achieve health promotion, disease prevention, increased patient autonomy, improved self-care, reduced re-admission, and decreased anxiety. As patient education is one of the important duties of nurses and since nurses spend a lot of time at patients’ bedside, this study aimed to assess nurses’ performance in terms of patient education from patients’ standpoint in Vali-Asr Hospital of Birjand in 2016. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 262 patients admitted in different wards, who were being discharged, were selected through non-randomized quota sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made patient-education questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS 19 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests (ANOVA and independent T test). Results: The majority of the patients were female (64. 5%) aged 30 years and less (30. 5%). Most of the patients (80. 3%) stated that on arrival to ward, full education was provided for them. Also, 49. 5% of the patients had not received any education during hospitalization. Moreover, 42% of the patients were delivered relative education at discharge. Conclusions: The relatively limited education delivered during hospitalization and discharge according to the patients' perspectives is indicative of the poor performance of nurses in this important task. Therefore, managers need to take the required measures in order to increase nurses' knowledge about the importance of patient education to patients and the way to optimally do it.

Introduction: Human being is social and needs to establish relationships with his/her own fellows. A lack of favorable and satisfactory social relationships or, in other words, feelings of loneliness can bring about harmful effects on health and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Shoenaker’ s self-encouragement training on feelings of loneliness among university students-teachers at Farhangian University in Zahedan. Methods: This quasi-experimental study followed by a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The present study had a statistical population constituting of B. A. university students-teachers at Farhangian University-Resalat Campus for girls in Zahedan in the academic year 2017-2018. Among these people, a sample consisting of 30 people who obtained high scores on Usher Student Loneliness Feeling Scale (SLFS) were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, a control group and an experimental group (each including 15 people). Ten 90-minute sessions of the Shoenaker’ s self-encouragement training were carried out on the experimental group; however, the control group did not receive such training. After finishing these sessions, a posttest was conducted on both experimental and control groups and a month later, a follow-up was performed on them. To analyze the obtained data, a multivariate analysis of covariance was applied via SPSS-23. Results: Results showed that mean scores on emotional and social feelings of loneliness obtained by the university students-teachers placed in the experimental group significantly decreased in the posttest and follow-up compared to the control group (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the self-encouragement training based on the Shoenaker’ s method can decrease feelings of loneliness by promoting communication skills and increasing social interests among university students.

Introduction: Academic Burnout is associated with decrease in academic performance in students and investigating its predictor variables deserves attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and procrastination in predicting academic burnout. Methods: The method of this research was correlational-predictive. Statistical population comprised of all Students of Faculty of Engineering in Alzahra University. 132 students participated in this study. Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (shufeli and et. al 2002) Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (Foa and et. al 2002), Tuckman procrastination scale (Tuckman 1991) were used in this study. Data were analyzed by using the software 24 SPSS and Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression. Results: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that procrastination had a significant positive correlation with all academic burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, academic cynicism and academic inefficiency). It was also found that obsessive-compulsive disorder, washing, obsession and Neutralizing had significant positive correlation with all academic burnout subscales. Though, There were no significant relationship between checking, hoarding and all subscale of academic burnout. The results of regression analysis indicated that obsessive-compulsive symptoms and procrastination can predict all subscales of academic burnout. Conclusions: The results of the study showed, for the first time, that obsessive-compulsive symptoms plays an effective role in explaining academic burnout.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to design and development of learning environment model based on real-time electronic formative assessment in medical education and investigating its content validity. Methods: In this study, a mixed method research was used. Qualitative content analysis with inductive design was first performed and based on the results, the initial model was developed. In the quantitative section, content validity of the model was done by a questionnaire survey by experts. In order to select articles in relation to the identification the elements of real-time electronic formative assessment model, valid scientific documents are indexed and relevant in international databases such as Scopus, ProQuest, Eric, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, PubMed and Science Direct during the period 2000 to 2018 using the PRISMA protocol were selected and 67 documents were analyzed finally. To validate the content of the proposed model, 37 experts from the fields of educational technology, assessment and measurement, medical education and medical informatics were selected as a sample. Results: According to the content analysis, 8 classes were obtained as follows: Learning outcomes, Processes/Learning activities/Strategies, Academic Engagement, Interaction, Motivation, Assessment and evaluation of learner progress, Immediate feedback, Interventions and Support that resulted in designing of the desired model. The findings in the quantitative section also indicated that the proposed model had the necessary validity and effectiveness in the medical education. Conclusions: The learning environment based on real-time electronic formative assessment has a good impact on medical education.