RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE
Year:2005 | Volume:3 | Issue:8|Papers Count:11

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the status of professional football clubs of I.R.Iran with minimum qualification of UEFA criteria, the status of professional clubs with the status of I.R.Iran fist division clubs and selected clubs of Japan, South Korea and UA Emarates and Turkey from have been compared. Methods: The studied clubs include: 14 professional clubs and 12 clubs of first Division from Iran and 8 clubs from Japan, South Korea, UA Emirates, and Turkey (2 clubs from each country). The research instrument has been questionnaire based 011 UEFA criteria, and consists of 110 questions and six areas.Results: Data Analyses demonstrated that, in all six areas, the status of I.R. Iran professional clubs could not meet the minimum qualifications of the UEFA criteria, and even in some areas the big gap between I.R. Iran professional clubs and UEFA criteria were exist.Conclusion: The comparison between Iranian clubs and selected clubs from other country demonstrated that the selected clubs have the better status significantly.

Purpose: The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of auditory model with considering to the role of feedback frequency on the leering and error-detection capability method. 72 subjects (36 males, 36 females) in according to model frequency 100%, 50%, no-model) and feedback , (100%, no-feedback) divided into six groups and performed key-pressing task in different timings. The experiment conducted in two separated days and consisted of acquisition, retention and transfer phases. Relative timing error, root mean square error and average detection error was used for program learning, parameter learning and error detection capability, respectively.Results: The auditory model and feedback groups had better learning than no-model and no-feedback groups on relative timing. Reduced model frequency and feedback resulted in better learning and error-detection on absolute timing.Conclusion: The auditory model enhances learning in timing tasks and the reduced model frequency on absolute timing act as feedback in guidance hypothesis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on oxidative stress at rest and post exhaustive exercise in athletic students.Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of the study 20 students voluntarily participated in the study and randomly assigned to either and aerobic training group or a control group. The aerobic training programme consisted of running at 75-80%maximal heart rate (HR max) for 20-45 min per day, three day per week for eight weeks. The aerobic training programme was started with 20 minutes running at the first session, and was finished with 45 minutes running at the end session. After and before eight weeks, blood samples were collected at rest and post exhaustive exercise. The subjects performed an incremental exercise tesst until exhaustion using a cycle ergometer at a constant pedal speed of 60 rpm with stepwise increments of 50 w every five minutes.Results: Oxidative stress markers means malondialdyde (MDA) or TBARS, carbonylated proteins (CP) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. ANOVA with repeated measurement and independent t-test indicate that aerobic training did not significantly change CP, MDA and CK at rest and post exhaustive exercise and did not prevent from serum CK increase post exhaustive exercise.Conclusion: We concluded that aerobic training did not change oxidative stress in athleitic students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the viewpoints of PE teachers and managers about the upgrading of curriculum of BA degree in PE.Methods: The study is qualitative and was accomplished using semi-structured interviews. Target population included 200 PE teachers and managers from Isfahan, Iran. The purposeful sample included 15 people from each group. They were recognized as role-models by local authorities. This article examines expressed viewpoints in 4 areas: evaluation of graduates of current curriculum, effects of the new curriculum on quality of education and satisfaction of demands, evaluation of current theoretical and functional courses, and evaluation of new courses.Results: PE teachers and managers both believed that there was no aptness between the curriculums and the social and scientific needs and demands. In general, they believed in urgent revision of curriculum and establishment of new sub-disciplines and departments.Compared to PE managers, PE teachers were more pragmatic. Teachers points out the functional problems of the current curriculum, whilst managers point out the lack of integrity and aptness with regard to the needs of society and educational system.Conclusion: Generally speaking, expressed viewpoints were helpful for developing a better curriculum for PE students.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was the impact of three selected programs of cooling down on the amount of blood lactate removal and decrease of heart rate after a maximal exercise in athletes.Methods: thirty three athletes from the premier football league with average age of 24+2.7, weight of 73.63+4.88 kg and V02 max of 40.46 + 2.6lit/min and were randomly divided (into three groups (n= 11). After Quebec test, the subjects of each group took a ten minute period of cooling down, then started resting, for 15 minutes the selected ten minute programs of cooling down were: A) first group: jogging 5 minutes + static stretch 5 minutes B) second group: static stretch 5 minutes + jogging 5 minutes C) third group: jogging 2.5 minutes + static stretch 2.5 minutes + jogging 2.5 minutes + static stretch 2.5 minutes. Blood lactate at 0,5,10 and 25 minute and heart rate was measured at the times before the activity 0.5.10 and 25 minute from the recovery period.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between blood lactate average at 10,25 minutes and heart rate at 5 minute from the recovery period in each of the three groups. Also, the enough time for cooling down must be more than 5 minutes. Conclusion: After all, the results showed that the first type of cooling down would be efficient in the reduction of heart rate and more rapid discharge of blood lactate.

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was investigate the effect of corrective exercises on changes of lumbo sacral angle in male students (age rang 11-14 yrs).Methods: A school was randomly chosen and all of the students were evaluated through the screening method and New York test.Then 30 boys with increased lumbar curvature were selected as research samples, and were randomly classified into two groups: experimental and control groups (mean age 12/96+ 1/07). Measurment of lordosis angles was taken with a flexible ruler (r=97%) in the standing position. The Tomas test and Lienghton Hexometer (r=99%) were used to measure the range of motion.the lumbar flextion was measured by the Scober test. The strength of abdominal muscles and hip extensors were measured by the Nicholas Manual Muscle Test equipment (MMT). The exercise protocol was given for 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Post-test was taken at the end of the exercise program. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and T-test.Results: there was a significant difference in the changing of the lordosis angle in experimental group after the exercise program (P<0/01). The significant differences were revealed in the flexibility of hip flexors and the strength of abdominal muscles and hip extensors, after exercise program (P<0/01).Conclusion: Therefore, the research emphasized on the capability of corrective exercises on decreasing the lordosis and also the ability and the crucial rule of teachers and trainers on the correction of the postural deformity of students.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on mtDNA deletion in human blood Leucocytes.Methods: Twenty untrained healthy and nonsmoker students (traning group: n=10, age= 20.7+ 1.5 yrs, weight= 67.7+ 10kg, BF%= 17.5+7.35 & control group: n=10, age= 21.7+1.3 yrs, weight= 78.5+ 18.5 kg, BF% = 18.2+6.4) were randomly assigned to 2 groups and participated in 8 weeks aerobic training program (based on 50-70% HRR, Karvonen method). Blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks. mtDNA deletion were analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA deletion at normal condition was unlikely, however, to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed for detecting possible deletion and excluding those subjects who had deleted mtDNA prior to the study.Results: The finding demonstrate that there are no changes in mtDNA deletion in human leucocytes in both before and after 8 weeks aerobic training (P= 1.00).Conclusion: Therefore, aerobic training has no effect on mtDNA deletion.

Purpose: The present study was conducted with the purpose of determining the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction of women P.E teachers, also determination of relationship between transactional and transformational leadership styles of authorities with job satisfaction of P.E teachers.Since Recognition of relationships between leadership styles and job satisfaction is a step taken towards recognize of effective factors on improvement of organization, therefore, such investigation are considered as optimized and appropriate solutions for recognition of the leadership and organizations I problems and difficulties.Methods: This study was conducted based on opinions of 118 female P.E teachers from five districts of education and instruction I s department of Esfahan. The relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction of P.E teachers was evaluated through two Questionnaires which were confidentiality completed and Cronbach Alpha-coefficient was satisfactory (89).Results: The findings were shown that the relationship between leadership styles of physical education authorities and P.E teachers' job satisfaction has been positive and significant (P<.05). Also, the relationship between transactional and transformational leadership styles of P.E teachers' job satisfaction has been positive and significant as well.Conclusion: This study showed the relationship between gender, age, marital status, field of education, educational degree, and experience of P.E teachers and job satisfaction were not significant.