JOURNAL OF ILAM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Year:2014 | Volume:22 | Issue:SUPPLEMENT|Papers Count:39

Introduction: Internet as a new consequence can be useful and effective and sometimes hazardous and dangerous due to improper use, and threatened the mental health of the users. This study examines the relationship of Internet addiction with symptoms of depression, mental health, and demographic characteristics among the students of Kermanshah University of medical sciences.Materials & Method: This Study was conducted on 200 students of Kermanshah University of medical sciences that were selected by random cluster sampling, And answered the Young’s Internet Addiction Scale (1998) and Beck Depression Inventory (short item form-BDI), and Mental Health Questionnaire, and demographic information. Statistical methods used included Pearson correlation and t-test, and the data was analyzed by software SPSS (V-17).Findings: Internet addiction had positive relation with depression and negative with mental health (P<0.001). According to demographic characteristics of the students such as male and female, single and married, there was no significant difference in the Internet addiction While the rate of the internet addiction was more in non-native than native(P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: In order to proper use of the Internet, should be conducted an appropriate culture and education, also suitable methods should be alternative for incorrect ways to use the Internet.

Background and Aims: The discharge wastewater of hospital into surface and groundwater to be provide the major risks and challenges for the human. So, this study is an attempt to be examined the treatment and disposal of hospital wastewater status in Kermanshah Province in 2011-12.Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive - analytic study was conducted that included all hospitals in Kermanshah province (19 private and public hospitals). Tools and methods of data collection through the Czech list (including 18 questions about general and specific information on the status of hospital treatment and sewage disposal) that were matched with the person. Finally the resulting data were recorded in the form of tables and graphs.Results: The results showed that total of 19 hospitals,  7hospitals (36.8% of all hospitals) have a wastewater treatment system in use (active),  5hospitals (24.4%) with a wastewater treatment system inactive and 7 Hospital (36.8%) do not have a wastewater treatment plant.Conclusion: According to numerous risks that humans and the environment are faced with result in hospital wastewater discharged into municipal sewers, so the lack of wastewater treatment in 12 hospitals (63.15%) is concerned. So getting policies for the construction of wastewater treatment systems in all hospital and operation by companies and professionals in the field, chlorinated raw sewage (wastewater treated if possible) to reduce pollution entering the collection and treatment network House of sewage, Adequately monitor the health authorities, water companies and other related organizations are alternatives that can be very effective to meet the standards required in a hospital and Environmental Management System (ISO14000) in set of management processes to improve the quality adjustment of hospital waste.

Introduction: Solution-focused brief therapy is a collaborative and non-pathological approach for therapy that emphasizes on finding solution by client with the help of therapist. This research was conducted with the aim of the studying effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy on decrease of marital stress of women.Materials & Methods: The method of this research is semi-pilot in type of pretest_ post-test_follow-up with control group. Statistical sample includes all women who have referred to Hamyaran Salamat ravan institutein Bojnourd with couple problems. The sample included 20 women who were selected with convenience sampling method and randomly exposure in experiment and control groups. The devise of the research was Stockholm-Tehran marital stress scale (STMSS). Before doing the experimental intervention (SFBT), the rate of marital stress in experimental and control groups was measured. Then, the sessions of solution-focused therapy for experiment group were conducted in 6 sessions that each was 1.5 hour. Also after a month, the follow-up test was conducted for assessment of permanence of therapy effect. For analysis of data used an-covariate and descriptive statistical methods and SPSS 18.Findings: The results showed that solution-focused brief therapy significantly has decreased the couple stress in women in the post-test (F=23.545, P<0.001) and follow-up (F=25.721, P<0.001) phase. Discussion & Conclusion: Solution -focused brief therapy may benefit for decreasing marital problems of couples.

Introduction: Bacteria is the most of nosocomial infection creating agent that has created many problems for human health by resistant to conventional antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles have high antimicrobial properties which can be used in various fields of medicine and public health control. The purpose of this study was to produce silver nanoparticles with single-stage Biological method through applications of oak fruit extract and investigate its anti-bacterial activity.Materials & Methods: the extract of oak fruit was prepared and added to the silver nitrate solution. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in solution was investigated through checking color change and the degree of absorption in different wavelengths by spectrophotometer. The Anti-microbial Activities of the Silver nanoparticles in solution against Escherichia coli PTCC 1330, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1074, Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1715 bacteria was investigated by inhibition zone method.Findings: The color changing was observed from transparent to deep brown in the solutions. the degree of absorption was increased and in 420 nm maximum absorption was observed. The antibacterial activity against all bacteria was investigated and approved.Discussion & Conclusions: the Silver nanoparticles was synthesised in a single-stage and little time and showed suitable antibacterial activity.

Introduction: Nitrate and nitrite are considered as ground water pollutants in recent years due to the increasing the industrials, agricultures and as well as municipal wastewaters. The concentration of these pollutants in ground water is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the nitrate and nitrite concentration in Ilam Township.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 60 drinking water wells at the various location of Ilam. 60 water samples were collected and the content of nitrate and nitrite of the samples was determined with spectrophotometer (DR-5000). The data was finally analyzed by SPSS and Arc view GIS softwares.Findings: The findings showed that the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in 98.33% of the samples was lower than the standards and 1.67% of the samples had the ions concentration higher than the standards. The highest concentration of nitrate ions (10.5 mg/l on the basis of N) was attributed to the well studied at Haft Cheshmeh Village located in the agricultural area. The highest concentration of nitrite ions (1.19 mg/l on the basis of N) was also belonged to the well studied at Abza Village located in the agricultural area. There was no significant difference between the concentration of nitrate (p-value=0.96) and nitrite (p-value=0.71) among the various area (agricultural, industrial and urban).Discussion & Conclusion: It was concluded that the water quality studied was now corresponded to the Iran drinking water standards. Nevertheless, the monitoring of these water resources is essential and treatment and sanitary disposal of wastewaters most be considered.

Introduction: One of the phenomena that decrease the quality of surface water is the emergence of eutrophication which is created as a result of the introduction of high nutrients such as nitrate and phosphorus into the water. In higher reservoirs such as Ekbatan dam, the potential of occurring such a phenomenon increases very much and algae grow in it extensively. The aim of this study was to investigate the Eutrophication of Ekbatan dam based on the Carlsonand Chapra indexes.Materials & Methods: Inthis study, Eutrophication of the Akbatan Lake was determined by monthly measurements of nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll during 2010. The samplings were conducted in the depth of 0.5m in seven spots in the lake. It was measured by standard methods and then Carlson eutrophication index was determined using mathematical relations.Findings: Results showed that the most Eutrophication status was for August (53.66 Eutrophic) and the least eutrophicationstatus was for February (45.97 Eutrophic). This shows that the reservoir’ssotrophic conditions have improved in the winter. The highest Eutrophication status was observed at Station No.6of the Lakes.Conclusion: With regard to considering the Carlson index and N/P ratio, phosphoru scompound was the main factor for eutrophication that had entered the lake reservoir from external resources. The Eutrophication indexes showed that the lake has dangerous eutrophication conditions in most months of the year; this phenomenon can be serious in dry years and reduce dissolved oxygen in the water and consequently reduce the quality of the water entering the dam.

Introduction: Depression is one the most common mental disorders posing itself in all the cultures. Nurses are among the working groups who are involved in mental disorders and depression is one of their common problems. This study has aimed to investigate the frequency of depression in nurses working at state hospitals of the city of Ilam along with the associated factors. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, due to the small sample of all nurses working in state hospitals who are 117 nurses, they were investigated through survey. The research instrument included Beck Depression Questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha scale of 78%l and retest validity of 74%, Bayfield Rothe job consent questionnaire with Bi-having reliability co-efficient of 78%, Cronbach’s alpha co- efficient of 96.3% completed by a consent Questionnaire of accommodations with cronback’s Alfa co- efficient of 92%. The data were analyzed using a statistical descryiptive method by SPSS software (version 16).Findings: The study demonstrated that 70% of the nurses are symptom-free, 15% as slight, 8% moderate and 7% with serious symptoms. There was a difference between the depression level of nurses based on gender and male nurses showed to have a significantly higher level of depression (p<0.05). Besides, a significant difference was observed between the depression level and job satisfaction (p<0.05). Depression level of nurses was not significantly affected by depression level and marital variables (p>0.05) and satisfaction with accommodation facilities (p>0.05).Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the importance of nursing occupation as well as the findings of our research, it seems necessary to consider the problem of depression among working nurses more seriously since depression adversely affects on their function and performance qualities to patients. It should be particularly considered in male nurses more seriously due to the extra over-load and over-time work they should experience as a routine.

Introduction: Pneumonia is still the most common cause of human death due to infectious disease. The causative agent of pneumonia is often undetectable. Due to the the need of patients suffering from CAP to have appropriate and in time treatment, we carried out this study to evaluate the clinical, laboratory and radiologic findings in adults suffering from acute community acquired Pneumonia.Materials & Methods: In this study, we evaluated 152 patients with the mean age 60.86 (19-92) year, with initial clinical diagnosis of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) referring to the Emergency department. A checklist was completed for each patient based on his or her demographic information. Finally, we compared the diagnostic value of different finding with each other. The data was collected, entered into SPSS and analyzed in the level of a=0.05. Findings: Acute bacterial CAP was confirmed as a final diagnosis in 50% of the patients under study. The most common clinical signs and symptoms were fever, cough, sputum and abnormal breath sounds on examination. Microbiologically, among 121 cases whose specimens were cultured, 20 cases were culture positive for lung pathogens. The most common germ was Staphylococcus Aureus (7 cases), then Pneumococcus, Klebsiella, pseudomonas and Moraxella Catarrhalis were the next. The most common radiologic pattern noted was petechial infiltration (42.8%), lobar infiltration (9.2%) and in 23% of patients no abnormal radiologic finding was noted. In this study, laboratory diagnosis had sensitivity = 22.37% and specificity =96.05%. For radiologic diagnosis sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 89.47%, in case of CRP positive sensitivity = 90.79% and specificity = 50%.Discussion & Conclusion: In this study, CXR was the best way for the diagnosis of CAP. If this diagnostic test was inaccessible, we should put together valuable clinical signs and symptoms such as cough, sputum, fever and abnormal breath sounds in combination with CRP and WBC count.

Introduction: Many studies in the field of memory investigate autobiographical memory and factors affecting it. Considering the role of individual’s mood characteristics on retrieving of memory, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of personality act on retrieval of autobiographical memory.Materials & methods: This was a descriptive research was a correlational design and the statistical population consisted of all Payam-e-Noor University Students in South Khorasan Province and 146 of them were tested by multi-stage random cluster sampling method in Ferdoas, Birjand, and Ghaien centers. The research tool used in this study werethe survey of autobiographical memory questionnaire (SAM) to determine of students score in autobiographical memory and NEOFF-I questionnaire is used to determine students ’autobiographical memory score and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory of personality to determine the score of participants in the five personality factors. After the data were collected, they were analyzed regression and analysis of variance on SPSS 18 software.Results: Results showed that all personality factors are predictors of autobiographical memory score (p<0.01) and Neuroticism factors, extraversion and conscientiousness can explain most of the variance criteria. In addition, the effects of gender and field of study on retrieval of autobiographical memory were assessed and the results showed that these two factors have no significant effect on students' autobiographical memory.Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, we can conclude that personality factors can affect students’ retrieving of autobiographical memory while factors such as educational and gender differences cannot determine students’ retrieval of autobiographical memories.

Introduction: In addition to chemical drugs, the role of herbal remedies such as ginger should also be noted in fighting against pain. Morphine is a common pain medication. This study investigated the effect of ginger rhizome Hydroethanolic extract on analgesia induced by Morphine in adult male rats.Materials & Methods: In this study, male Wistar rats in the weight range of 150±15 g were used. The mice were randomly divided into six groups of six. 30 min after prescription, the rats Tail-flick test was performed and the results were analyzed as mean- ±SEM and by ANOVA (One way ANOVA) and Tukey test. Data differences with P<0.05 was considered significant. Findings: Results showed that the ginger extract relieved pain in tail-flick test in all receiving groups (P 0.001). The extract could increase the anti-pain effects of morphine (P 0.05).Discussion & Conclusion: Our observations indicated that Ginger may interfere with the central system involved in pain pathways which can reduce pain in rats. In the way, Ginger extract can increase the analgesic effect of morphine. Also, due to the side effects of morphine, it can be combined with Ginger juice and to be used for relieving pain. By doing so, the reduction in morphine consumption will have fewer side effects.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between parents children emotional relationship on academic adjustments of junior students in Hamadan University of medical Sciences.Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 395 first year students aging between 17-19 years old during the first semester of 2010-2011. The participants were requited through available sampling method. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire including, sociodemography, parental attachments, interparental conflicts, social skills, and academic achievements. Data were analyzed by descriptive and interferential statistics through SPSS software (version 17).Findings: Results showed that the mean age of students was 18.57 (SD 0.43). Most of students were female and 72% were studied in bachelor level. Most of the students (82%) lived in universities' campuses and 15% lived with their families. Families with higher parental attachments had lower interparental conflicts and their students had higher level of academic adjustments. In addition, students who had higher social skills had better academic adjustments than others (p<0.01).Discussion & Conclusion: Results of this study reveled the role of the quality of parent-child relationships on their students' academic adjustments. Family supports and understanding have an important role in solving student's problems in universities. Therefore, the role of families should be considered by higher education administration policies.

Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Beside the genetic and environmental factors, epigenetic factors also contribute to the etiology of cancer. More recently, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs) has been linked to several human diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs are involved in eukaryotic gene regulation, either by translational inhibition or exonucleolytic mRNA decay, targeted through imperfect complementarity between the microRNA and the 3′- un-translated region (3′-UTR) of the mRNA. Considering the potential of micro- RNAs in targeting many of human mRNA, these classes of 19-25 oligonucleotides are involved in almost every biological process, including cell cycle regulation, cell growth, apoptosis, cell differentiation and stress response. Growing evidence suggests that microRNAs have a vital role in cancer biology and recent studies have confirmed the oncogenic or tumour suppression role of microRNA in cancer cells. It have been shown that microRNA expression can itself be regulated both through oncogenes or tumour suppressors. There is a probability that microRNA expression can be regulated both in in vitro and in vivo by developing synthetic pre-microRNA molecules or antimicroRNA antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides which show a promising prospect of a possible use in curing cancer.

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world which is caused by an intracellular protozoan called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasitic infection is usually asymptomatic in adults, but it becomes complicated if fetus infection occurs during pregnancy from the mother. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in the city of Babol, northern Iran. Materials & Methods: 175 pregnant women in their first pregnancy trimester participated in this cross-sectional study during the years 2012-2013. Two ml blood was obtained from each participant and serum was separated. Then, anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were measured using ELISA method. Participants' demographic information and the risk factors were collected by questionnaire. A number of participants referred back in in the next trimesters of pregnancy and Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were measured again.Findings: The mean age of the participants was 27.4±9.5 years. Among the participants, 106 cases (60.6%) had anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG) and 64 women (36.6%) had no specific antibody. The prevalence of infection was different in relation with age and location, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Also, there was not a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of infection and other risk factors such as abortion. No case of acute Toxoplasma infection was reported in the mother or congenital toxoplasmosis. Discussion & Conclusion: This study showed that over fifty percent of Toxoplasma infection in the city of Babol occurs below the age of 25. Meanwhile, since 36.6% of the studied population (pregnant women) did not have anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, Toxoplasma infection should be screened in pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy in order to perform preventative measures for congenital toxoplasmosis.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important agents of many hospital and nonhospital infections. Increasing Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibacterial drugs is one of the major health concerns. Therefore, studying antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is very important and it has a main role in preventing the creation of resistant strains.Materials & Methods: The antibiotic resistance of 150 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical specimens was determined by disk agar diffusion (DAD) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS and Microsoft Office Excel softwares.Findings: Using the DAD method, 77.33% (116.150) of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to Methicillin and 47.33% (71.150) were resistant to oxacillin. The results indicated that primer MR3, 4 was more appropriate than primer MR1, 2 for the detection of mecA gene in MRSA. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study can provide guidance for physiccians towards a more appropriate treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Iran. Thereby, it is preventing the emergence of further antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus aureus. Our results also revealed the need for further investigations using a higher number of specimens representing a wider variety of locations to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns in our state more precisely.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as stroke, seizures, dementia, and cognitive impairment. Berberine, a natural isoquinolne alkaloid, is reported to exhibit beneficial effect in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Through Enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, hyperglycemia induces glucose spontaneous oxidation and leads to oxidative stress by stimulating the production of active oxygen and nitrogen. Also, overproduction of ROS can cause DNA and proteins damage and affect the function of receptors, enzymes, transport proteins, and inactive antioxidant defense system enzymes or enzymes involved in the repair.Material & Methods: In this study, the male wistar rats (n=90) were randomly allocated into five groups: control, control berberine- treated (100 mg/kg), diabetic, berberine- treated diabetic (50, 100 mg/kg) groups. Diabetes was induced intraperinoneally STZ administration at the dose of 60mg/kg. Berberine was orally administered at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day one week after STZ injection for a period of 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after STZ injection to measure blood glucose levels. Lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Data were analyzed using Prism-5, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Findings: Eight weeks after diabetes induction we observed an increased lipid peroxidation, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and elevated nitrite levels in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats than the control brains. In contrast, chronic treatment with berberine (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o., once daily) lowered hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and prevented the up regulation of GFAP in the brain of diabetic rats.Discussion & Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that treatment with berberine resulted in an obvious reduction of oxidative stress in hippocampus of STZ - induced diabetic rats.

Introduction: Water treatment by membrane methods such as reverse osmosis is used by people in region of Iran that the quality of drinking water is not suitable. The low quality of water in the city of Abadan is resulted in the use of water treatment centers with reverse osmosis (RO) systems and distribution of water by portable tanks over the city. In this study, the microbial quality of product water supplied by the treatment centers and portable water tanks was examined.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the water treatment centers and portable water tanks over six months (summer and autumn 2012) in Abadan city. A total of 159 samples were taken and examined by the standard procedures. The parameters of E.coli, coliform, TDS, EC, pH, residual chlorine and turbidity were measured in this work.Findings: Results showed that 2% of water treatment centers and 5% of portable tanks were contaminated by E.coli microorganism. The residual chlorine and turbidity of water samples were also undesirable in the 92% and 87% of the tested samples, respectively. However, the results of the EC, TDS and PH analysis of the water samples showed that the quality of these parameters were in the level of the national and international standards.Discussion & Conclusion: Despite more microbial contamination of water in the portable water tanks than the water treatment centers, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between them (Pvalue> 0.05). But, due to the high microbial contamination observed in the portable tanks, adding of disinfectants into the water tanks and educating the portable tanks operators to rise of their awareness can be effective in reducing secondary bacterial infections.

Introduction: Human vagina represents a dynamic ecosystem dominated by certain species of Lactobacillus. These microorganisms restrict the growth of pathogens by using properties of steric exclusion and inhibitory substance production. Women with reduced numbers of lactobacilli usually experience serious complications including bacterial and fungal infections. External application of these medicines causes appropriate growth of Lactobacillus which consequently reduces the infections. The aim of this research is to compare the application of Povidone iodine and Clotrimazol cream on vaginal infections. The aim of this research is comparison of treatment with Povidone-iodine and clotrimazole onMaterials & Methods: Vaginal discharge of women referring to Rasht’s Alzahra hospital was transferred to lab. Samples were plated on sabouraud dextrose agar medium for isolation of fungi. Specific tests were done for the study of Candida albicans. Also, different dilution of povidone-iodine and clotrimazole were tested on samples.Findings: According to results of culture medium, clotrimazole had better effect on Candida albicans in comparison with povidone-iodine.Discussion & Conclusion: Due to the side effects and unpleasant picture of povidoneiodine usage, clotrimazole is suitable against Candida albicans infections.

Introduction: Malathion is one of the most common toxic organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) which is normally used in the world. In addition to enzyme inhibition, cholinesterase also plays a role in the induction of oxidative stress and increased oxidants. On the other hand, zing is a crucial element that has antioxidant properties and protects against free radicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of zinc on organophosphate pesticide poisoning similar to malathion in male rats. Materials & Methods: 20 male Male Wistar rats weighing 250-180Grm were used in this study. The 20 male rats were equally divided in to 4 groups (5 rats each). Group I (control), while Group II was given malahion. Animals of Groups III received only zinc. Group IV was given zinc+ malathion once for acute test. After the treatment, blood was isolated. The animals were killed after 48 hours and cholinestrase activity (ChE) and oxidative stress marker such as total thiol groups (TTG) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentration was measured. Data were then analyzed through SPSS software by One Way Anova analysis. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05. Findings: Results of data analysis showed that malathion significantly reduced the activity of ChE enzyme, TTG and TAC in blood in comparison to the control group. However, zing significantly increased the capacity of TTG and TAC in comparison to the malathion group.Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the above findings, it can be suggested that zinc can reduce the oxidative damage of malathion by increasing free radicals and can be used in organophosphate pesticide poisoning such as malathion.

Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the main causes of death among cancers worldwide. Since the most of current treatments for cancer are inefficient and have several side effects, finding an effective and alternative treatment has a great importance. To this end, medicinal plants have gained a special significance in recent years. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata on the growth of lung cancer cell line SK-Mes-1.Materials & Methods: After cultivation of SK-MES-1 cells, these cells were treated with the several doses of hydro-alcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata for 24, 48, 72 hours to quantify IC50 value. After treatment, MTT was performed. Furthermore, to evaluate DNA fragmentation, DNA was extracted 24 hours after treatment and electrophoresis was done on agarose 1%. Findings: The results of MTT indicated that this extract has a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on SSK-MES-1 cells. IC50 of this extract was determined as 110 microgram/ ml for SK-MES-1 cells. MTT results at 48 and 72 hours had a no significant difference with 24 hours. Also, treatment with this extract had no any effect on DNA fragmentation. Discussion & Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that hydro-alcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata could inhibit the growth of lung cancer cell SK-MES-1 through direct cytotoxic effects. Further studies are suggested to be conducted on cell growth pathways to determine the molecular mechanisms of this inhibitory effect.

Introduction: Stress is a complex phenolmenon which concentrates on the dynamic relation between human and environment. Education is a stressful experience, especially in medical sciences since it is one of the most stressful occupations. The critical concern about students is the effect of stress on their education, so it is necessary to take preventive policies against stress and its consequences. This study is conducted to investtigate the effect of stress and its associated factors on female students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 420 female students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were randomly selected. To collect the data, Harrey stress test was given to the students. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software.Findings: Results of the study showed that 9.9% (42 students) of students were healthy and gained less than 150 score and 90.1% (381 students) suffered from moderate nervousness. The obtained results indicated a significant relationship between marital status and nervousness (p=0.02). However, no significant relationship was found between nervousness and age (p<0.76), grade of studying (p<0.90), major of study (p<0.76) and living site (p<0.43).Discussion & Conclusion: Our results suggested that we could reduce nervousness by providing secure mental conditions, changing social conditions, improving educational status especially holding exam and also motivating college students.

Introduction: Supportive supervision is one of the effective tools for assisting managers and health workers toward increasing efficacy and effectiveness of service delivery and the needed health care of the target groups. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supportive supervision in improving the performance quality of Ilam’s province health system network. Materials & Methods: This is a semi-experimental study and the sample consisted of all members of supervision teams who work in the eight district health networks at the provincial level. The research intervention involved an educational program for the supervision teams conducted via a workshop method. By determining the relevant indicators, different domains related to developing and implementing health programs at the level of health centers were compared before and after the intervention. The data were collected using a designed checklist.Findings: There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the mean performance of the supervision teams before the intervention and after it due to the effect of supervision training in areas such as determining the situation analysis, priority setting of the problems, introducing appropriate soluteions, developing operational plans and evaluating the health programs’ effecttiveeness.Discussion & Conclusion: This study showed that implementing supportive supervision program has a significant effect on improving supervision teams’ performance. Due to the effect of using this supervision model in raising knowledge and performance of the health network supervision teams and ultimately improving health indicators, its implementation might have an important role in increasing the efficacy of health system which results in the improvement and development of the level of community health.

Nowadays, excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of human and animal diseases has caused bacteria’s multidrug resistant rise against antibiotics. Additionally, new antibiotics’ consumption involves new resistant genes that can shortly spread among other bacteria and need new antibiotics for its control and this requires spending millions of dollar. Methicillin -resistant staphylococcus is one of the mos invasive bacteria that quickly become resistant to the new generation of antibiotics. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria and finally lyse the host cells. Phage entry into the host bacterial cell requires a specific receptor. Phages are not able to identify other cells especially eukaryotic cells.

Introduction: E.coli is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial resistance leads to failure in treatment of hospital infections caused by E. coli. Production of extended-Spectrum Beta- lactamases (ESBLs) is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria. These enzymes are predominantly plasmid mediated and are derived from TEM and SHV type enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of blaTEM genes in ESBL-producing E.coli strains isolated from admitted patients in six hospitals in Rasht, Iran.Materials & Methods: Among all clinical samples, 160 E. coli were taken from various samples of hospitalized patients after diagnosis of E.coli. Antibiotic resistance was surveyed by Kirby-Bauer method. For resistant isolates, double disk phenotypic confirmatory test was carried out in order to diagnosis ESBL-producing strains. Then, DNA extracted and blaTEM genes were detected using PCR from ESBL-producing strains.Finding: Among the160clinical isolates of E.coli which were collected, the maximum resistance to amoxicillin was observed in all strains, all were susceptible to Imipenem, and 51.9% of strains were ESBL positive, and 27 strains (32.5%) of blaTEM genes were observed using PCR. Discussion &Conclusion: In this study, more than 50% were detected as ESBL-producing strains which mean that more than half of the isolates were blaTEM positive. Comparing these results with other studies in this field shows a direct relation between development of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and genes transfer such as blaTEM.

Introduction: Hospital is facing with different aspects both income and cost as a firm. On other hand, health cost will always take a great share of family expenditure. So, hospitals are constantly obliged to apply and use cost-benefit analysis to increase efficiency and productivity. Accordingly, institution managers have to be aware of hospital cost function.Materials & methods: This research has made an attempt to estimate the regression function of hospital costs based on econometrics method with the help of 14 main indices which will affect hospital cost in 8 governmental hospitals of Ilam province during 2003-2013. It is worth to mention that Translog function specification has been applied in the estimation.Findings: Results indicate that the cost of Ilam hospital has a positive relationship with labor -capital price and quantity of production positively during 2003-2013. Besides, since the coefficient is meaningful at 0.05 percent, so it shows that variables like the emergency rooms, eqiupements, buildings, bedridden time, releasing and mortality rates has reciprocal effect on hospital cost. 10 percent increase in quality of services leads to 34 percent increase in hospital cost.Discussion & Conclusion: Since there is a direct relationship between the quality of services, relative cost of labor and investment and hospital cost so, in order to decrease the hospital cost, one of the following two effective factors including labor force or investment should be decreased. Labor force includes the number of nurses and investment includes eqiupements, building, and so forth. Production decrease has a direct relationship with decrease in number of visited, bedridden, and released patients, and decrease in none of them is acceptable. So, the labor relative price decrease can be considered as the best solution for decreasing hospitals’ relative cost which is obtainable via change in the condition of labor engagement in hospitals, application of the lowest wage rule, and annual wage increase.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is more prevalent among women than in men and mostly half of women have experienced it in their lifetime. On one hand, understanding the regional prevalence of pathogens and antibiotic resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is effective in proper selection of antibiotics and infection control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of urinary tract infections, bacterial factors and antibiotic resistance. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted on urine samples from 765 women who had referred to the Dezful Razi laboratory in 2012. Cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria were performed using standard bacteriological methods. Then, the antibiotic resistance in bacteria E.coli was studied using antibiogram tests through agar disk diffusion by Kirby-Bauer method.Findings: Among the 765 samples studied, 160 (20.91%) were reported positive. Escherichia coli with 106 cases (66.25%), Klebsiella 33 cases (20.63%), and Staphylococcus six cases (4.38%) were identified as urinary tract infections. Most Escherichia coli resistance was to ampicillin (96.55%) and the least resistance was to nitrofurantoin (11.12%).Discussion & Conclusion: Escherichia Coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection that is highly resistant to ampicillin. The resistance can be observed in the case of antibiotics that are used more. The emergence of a new antibiotic resistance is an issue that should be taken seriously.

Introduction: Continuity of personality is used as a keyword in the definition of identity. Character continuation means that the person is the same person over time and in places and not another one. So, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality traits and identity styles in students of Shahid Chamran University.Materials & Methods: This was a canonical correlational study. The statistical population includes all B.A. students of Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz during 2012-2013. The sample included 360 B.A. students of Shahid Chamran University selected through cluster multistage random sampling. NEO Five-Factor Inventory and Identity Style Inventory were used to collect data. For analyzing data, canonical correlation was used by SPSS software.Findings: Structural coefficients showed that the pattern of high scores in conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion correlates with the pattern of high scores in normative and informational identity styles (p<0.001). Therefore, the finding of this research showed that the combination of conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion could probably reduce the likelihood of normative and informational identity styles.Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present study emphasized the predictive value of personality traits in identity styles.

Introduction: Job burnout is one of the most inevitable consequences of job stress and decreased patient care quality is one of the worst consequences of nursing job. This study was performed to assess the degree of job burnout and its relation with the general health of nurses working in hospitals of Abadan and Khoramshahr in 2012 Materials & Methods: This was a cross sectional and correlational-descriptive study performed on 114 nurses working in hospitals of Abadan and Khoramshahr in 2012. The instruments for data collection included Moslach Burnout Inventory (MBI Q), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). After data collection, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were used by SPSS software (Version 14).Findings: Most of the participants had a moderate level of public health (58.8%), a level of depersonalization (53.5%). There was an increase in affective and job burnout (56.6%, 50.9%). There was a statically significant correlation between sex and job burnout (p=0.016), the wards and depersonalization (p=0.043), affective burnout and the number of working shifts in a month (p=0.034), public health level and job experience (p=0.048), and public health with job burnout (p=0.0001).Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the findings, job health promotion and decreasing the level of burnout should be in the priority for nursing managers and the required considerations should be provided to decrease job burnout.

Introduction: Suicide is considered as a major issue in teen hood and young hood, because it has been reported as the second or fourth most prevalent cause of death in these age groups. This study investigated the emotional regulation strategies in coping with suicidal thoughts.Materials & Methods: The researcher used multi-stage cluster sampling to select the sample. The population included all students at Khurazmi University. The sample size was 250 (101 male students and149 female students). Instruments included the short form of emotional and cognitive regulation question-naire and suicidal ideas Questionnaire. The data were collected in groups and stepwise regression was used to analyze the results.Findings: Results showed that a high correlation of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the idea of suicide planning. Also, compatible strategies of individuals were correlated with suicidal ideas and this correlation varies according to individuals’ awareness of their emotions.Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of this study showed maladaptive emotional strategies can singly anticipate suicidal ideation. Meanwhile, the method of using cognitive emotion regulation strategies is influential in anticipating suicidal ideation. Thus, special attention should be given to the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies is influential in anticipating suicidal ideateon in educational, training, and treatment programs.

Introduction: With the dramatic growth of high technology and specialized precision of laboratory facilities, the need for special tools to help the operator to advance the goals and more precise and safer control has been predicted. The proposed device is automatic adjustable instrument for transmission of different volumes of fluid with different viscosities by pipet and had various electronic options to improve precision and higher control of the operator.Materials & Methods: The device is a combination of three common laboratory instruments including sampler, pipetboy, Dispenser. Mechanical control is done by the processor, the AMD ARM, and also the processor provides the connection between joystick controller stepper motor and gearbox. To aspirate the sample and blow-out, the cylinder and piston method and the conversion rotational motion into linear stepper motors with manifold bolts method are used. Findings: The results of the electrical and mechanical performance of the device are satisfying according to the inventions used in different parts, and also it is economical. Discussion & Conclusion: After several stages of the design and construction of a laboratory prototype of the device and adjusting the speed and power of the three compound devices and their shortcomings, we come to the conclusion that mono-use pipetboy devices that are on the market have a very low accuracy, and this is also true about the Sampler which has limitations in low speed and high volumes of fluid as well as dispenser devices which have a high price but low functionality and many disadvantages. However, these devices are the basic requirements of a laboratory.

Introduction: Dust storms are among the main natural sources of air pollution in the Middle East which increase people's concern about their harm effects on public health. This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative values of and the effects of dusts on the quality of Ilam city weather. Material & Methods: In this study, the concentration of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured from Mar 2013 through Feb 2014. The measurement was performed once per six days and the Grimm aerosol spectrometer model 1.108 was used in all dusty days. Meteorological data was taken from aerology directorate of Ilam province and for tracking of dust storms, satellite pictures were applied. Findings: Mean ±SD of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, during collection data, were 146.6±139.3, 29.7±25.3 and 10±5.7mg/m3 respectively. The mean proportion of PM2.5/PM10, PM1/PM10 and PM1/PM2.5 were 0.231, 0.108 and 0.418 during study period and 0.191, 0.052 and 0.269 during dust storm days respectively. The concentration of PM10 was more than standard fair weather during 83 days and AQI index values indicated dangerous conditions in 5 days, during year of the study. According to our findings, Iraq country particularly Nainava and Al- Anbar provinces were the main sources of dust storms of Ilam province. Discussion & Conclusion: This study indicates the dust storm events situation in Ilam city and its negative impact on air quality, which can have harmful effects on population health. Therefore it is necessary to determine of dust storm effect on health and ways to deal with it are more studies done. Dust storms also create an increase in PM2.5-10 particles resulting in a reduction of PM2.5/PM10 proportion. The results of this study can be used by health policy makers for design of preventive issues; however, international or regional cooperation are needed for any interventional action against this harmful condition.