JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:72 |Papers Count:13

Background: Attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms are the major determinants of psychological problems. Discovering the relationships of these variables has theoretical and clinical importance. Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas on the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Method: Method of the present descriptive study was correlational. A total of 400 students (184 females, 216 males) from University of Tehran participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI; Besharat, 2005, 2011), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ; Andrews, Singh, & Bond, 1993), and Young Schema Questionnaire-Short form (YSQ-SF; Young & Brown, 1999). Reults: The results demonstrated that secure attachment style had a significant positive association with mature defense style and significant negative association with neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/001). Insecure attachment styles had significant negative association with mature defense style and significant positive association with neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/001). There was a negative association between secure attachment style and early maladaptive schemas and positive association between insecure attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas (p<0/001). There was a significant negative association between early maladaptive schemas and mature defense style and significant positive association between early maladaptive schemas and neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/01). Results also showed that early maladaptive schemas did not play a mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas can predict defense styles.

Background: The tendency to avoid negative emotions may occur in any psychological treatment process. In this regard, Robert Leahy reviewed this topic by presenting the model of emotional schemas. He believes that excitement is some sort of information. Excitements arise from the parallel processing of various information and most of them occur outside the scope of consciousness. In this regard, Robert Leahy tries to overcome this disadvantage by offering a therapeutic model based on emotional schemas. The present research question is what difference is between emotional schemas of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people? Aims: The main purpose of the present research was comparing emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people. Method: The method of this research was descriptive. The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and normal people. Using available sampling method, 90 people(30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 30 with depression and 30 of ordinary people)as sample size. In this study, questionnaires Leahy Emotional Schemas LESS(Leahy, 2002) and Structured Interview were used. Results: The statistical model used was multivariate analysis of variance and the findings showed that "obsessive rumination", "being uncontrollable" and "higher values" had significance level a: 0. 01, and in people with obsessivecompulsive disorder have been high. also "guilty" and "blame" had significance level a: 0. 01, and in depressed people it was higher than people with Obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. Conclusions: This means that the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had more emotional schemes than other groups.

Background: Deficit attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as a pattern of severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or continuous neglect with more repetition than children with the same growth rate. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-motor learning training on social adjustment, motor skills and ADHD / ADHD in preschool children aged 5 and 6 years with this disorder. Method: The present study is a semi-experimental pre-test-posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study included all children of preschool centers in 2nd district of Tehran province. Of these, 90 people were randomly selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control group. Data were obtained using Social Development Scale (Winelland, 1965), Brauninx-Oseretsky Motion Excellence Scale short-form (1978), and the Conners-Wald Formula Child Behavioral Scale (Ritman et al., 1998). Data analysis was performed using Multivariate Covariance Analysis. Results: The findings showed that cognitive-motor learning improved social compatibility (P<0/0001), motor skill (P<0/0001) and total reduction of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder syndrome (P<0/0001) In these children. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the training of perceptual motor games on the improvement of social adjustment, the skill of motor skill and reduction of total ADHD, and the empowerment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Background: one of the disabling neurological disorders is MS. chornic process, not having definitive treatment and engaging aperson at a yaung age causes many mental disorders in the patient. Among which are anxiety, depression and stress are all more prevalent. And affects on quality of life in this patients. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress management training Based on cognitive_behavioral model on quality of life. Method: The samples of this research was 30 persons, who had MS and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All of the sample groups completed quality of life questionair. then Stress management training was conducted during 10 sessions in experimental Group; based on Sara MC Namara `s program; while the control group did not receive any training. Subsequently, after intervention, and 6 months later, all variables were re-examined Data are collected using mixed analysis of variance. Results: Finding showed that stress management training based on cognitive _ behavioral model, enhanced the quality of life in MS patients (p<0/05). Conclusions: Also stress management training based on cognitive _ behavioral model, enhanced the quality of life in MS patients.

Background: Despite years of war, veterans still face many physical and psychological problems that can seriously affect the quality of life of veterans. In the meantime, what is the role of spiritual intelligence and the severity of important variables in the lives of veterans. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and hardiness on the level of pain perception with the mediating role of death Anxiety and Positive Thinking. Method: The method of this study was correlation with structural equation method. From the statistical population of Kerman province, 280 people were randomly selected and evaluated using the available list. The instruments of the research were Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), kobasa (1992), Connor and Davidson (1998), McGill's Pain Perception (2004), Templar’ s Death Anxiety Inventory (1998), and Sheer & Carver's Optimism (1985). For data analysis, the path analysis was used in the spss-19 and AMOS software. Results: The results of path analysis showed that after modification of the initial model, the final model had a good fit. In the final model, the ratio of chi-square to relative degrees of freedom or relative chi-square (2/24), goodness of fit index adjusted for 0/92, normalized fit index equal to 0/91 and root mean square error error equal to 05 It was 0. Bootstrap also showed that the mediating role of death anxiety and optimism was significant in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and hardiness with pain perception. Conclusions: spiritual intelligence and hardiness play an important role in decreasing pain perception among veterans by improving optimism and reducing death anxiety.

Background: Of the main elements influencing different behaviors of athletes in attaining their objectives and athletic performance, are motivation, passion and pride. Aims: The objective of this research is to review the role of passion model in expressing ethical and unethical behavior of athletes in regard to the mediating role of pride. Method: Statistical population of this study is athletes who have participated in Futsal, Volleyball, Basketball and Water polo. Considering the number of variables under study, sample volume was 200 athletes. one sample run test was utilized for studying difference of averages, Pearson test for confirming relations of variables, and in order to test structural equation model PLS software was used. Questionnaires included individual information, passion (Vallerand, 2003), pride questionnaire(Tracy&Rabins, 2007) and behavior questionnaire (Kavussanu & Boardley, 2009). Results: Study of two models indicated that professional athletes show higher tendency to express unethical behavior such as violence, cheating and fault compared to other players of the rival team and being the winner or loser of the competitions is mostly based on extreme passion and pride is a tool with positive aspect in order to increase one’ s skills and better performance. Conclusions: engagement gains importance considering ethical behavior and its relation with ethical and unethical behavior is respectively moderated by authentic and hubristic pride. Authentic pride leads to ethical behavior but hubristic pride will inevitably lead to expression of unethical behavior and authoritarianism.

Background: The identification of positive family and personality factors affecting the reduction of negative outcomes in adolescent girls is important. Aims: This study aimed to study the family function and positive youth development to predict depression in adolescents. Method: The present study was a correlationaldescriptive design. The statistical population consisted of all secondary school female students (second period) in the city of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. So, 293 girl adolescents that were selected from 18th district of education regions by method was multi-stage cluster. According to the sample loss, 293 individuals were included in this study. To collect data, Geldhof et al. ’ s Positive Youth Development Scale(2014), the Epstein et al. ’ s Family Assessment Device(1983), and Kovacs and Beck’ s Child Depression Inventory(1977) were used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS24. Results: The results revealed that competence, confidence, and connection respectively played significant roles in predicting depression (p= 0/001), and totally explained 39% of the variance of depression. The components of family function including role, problem solving, and emotional expression respectively had significant roles in predicting depression (p= 0/001), and totally explained 25% of the variance of depression. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicated the importance of family function with emphasis on the components of positive youth development including competence, confidence, and connection in adolescent depression.

Background: The occurrence of significant physical-psychosocial changes in adolescence can affect life satisfaction and self-efficacy in adolescents. Therefore, environmental facilities and developmental programs are necessary for adolescent’ s adjustment. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of positive youth development program on adolescents' life satisfaction and self-efficacy. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with control group. To this aim, forty-eight students among female students studying in the ninth grade of secondary school in the academic year 1396-97 in the city of Arak were selected by multistage random sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (23) and control groups (n = 25). Experimental group received positive youth development program in 24 one-hour sessions. Both groups completed the life satisfaction scale (Diener et al., 1985) and the general self-efficacy scale (Sherer et al., 1982) in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. Results: The results of covariance analysis indicated that positive youth development program was effective on adolescents' life satisfaction and self-efficacy in short and long term (p=0. 005). Conclusions: The findings suggest that positive youth development program can be an appropriate practical program for increasing adolescents’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy.

Background: Marital disturbance is one of the marital problems that causes mental and cold problems and couples' endto-end divorce. Research has shown that sexual immorality can improve marital communication, but there is a research gap in comparing the effectiveness of Feldman multilevel education and intimate communication skills. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of multidimensional Feldman method and intimate communication skills on sexual intimacy of women with marital disturbance. Method: This research was an applied and semi-experimental research with pre-test-post-test design with two experimental and one control groups. From the statistical population of the study, women with disturbing marital status in District 8 of Tehran were summoned in a public call to those who had conditions for participation in the study; 36 of them were randomly assigned into three groups of 12 with the title of experimental group 1, experimental group 2 and control were replaced. The method of doing this was to first perform the sexual intimacy questionnaire on all three groups, then Feldman multidimensional sessions sessions were conducted for 10 sessions for the experimental group 1 and the holistic communication skills for the experimental group 2, but for the control group, no intervention was applied and immediately after the completion of experimental interventions for the test and post-test control groups. Results: The results of multivariate covariance and post hoc test showed that both Feldman's educational approach and sincere skills had an impact on female sexuality (p≤ 0/001), but the sentimental training approach was more effective than Feldman's method Has (p≤ 0/001). Conclusions: In order to increase sexuality, a sentimental training approach can be used.

Background: Farhangian university is main source of effective manpower for elimination of the needs of human resources education and training. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate professional needs of Graduated New teachers of Farhangian University in Farsi language education in elementary school. Method: This research is descriptive survey in terms of its nature. The statistical population of the study was all graduates of Shahid Bahonar and Khajeh Naseer campuses in Kerman province. 384 students were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability coefficient was 0. 91 based on Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (onesample t-test and ANOVA) were used. Results: The results of the research indicated that the ability of student teachers in the four dimensions of teaching, language knowledge, writing and returning poetry to prose was lower than average. There was a significant difference between male and female teachers in the ability of vocabulary and linguistic knowledge to have a significant difference at the level of (P<0/01) and in the level of knowledge, there was a significant difference between(P< 0. 05) and(P< 0. 05). Also, there was no significant difference in the ability to translate poetry into prose between male and female teacher students. Conclusions: So for effective teacher training, at first should understanding their occupational nature then requirement proportional with nature to design and implementation of training programs.

Background Cancer is a genetic disease resulting in the uncontrolled division of cells, caused the effects of environmental factors and genetic disorders. Researches are emphasized on the effectiveness of mindfulness and acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological distress, death anxiety in patients with cancer. Issue is that the mindfulness and acceptance and commitment therapy affect on psychological distress and death anxiety in patients with cancer. Aims: The purpose of this study was to effectiveness of mindfulness education and commitment and acceptance therapy on psychological distress, death anxiety in patients with cancer in Isfahan. Method: The research is semi-experimental. The statistical society includes all patient with cancer. The sampling method was 45 people who were purposefully selected based on the criteria of the research. The instruments were used as follows: DASS-21 Questionnaire, Templar Death Anxiety Inventory. Results: The use of path analysis in spss application was Findings showed that there was a significant difference in the mindfulness training and acceptance and commitment therapy improvement of about psychological distress and death anxiety (p<0/05). Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness training and commitment and acceptance therapy on variables of psychological distress and death anxiety have a significant effect.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome refers to a set of physical and psychological symptoms that occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Several studies emphasize on the effectiveness of mindfulness and Pilates on the improvement of premenstrual syndrome. The problem is that mindfulness and Pilates effect of premenstrual syndrome. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness training and Pilates on reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome of girls in Tehran. Method: Research is semiexperimental pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population includes girls in Tehran with15-40 years. The sampling method was 45 people who were purposefully selected based on the criteria of the research. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire for Screening of premenstrual symptoms (PSST) of Iranian species. Results: Results showed that there was not significant difference in mindfulness training on reducing the premenstrual syndrome in the experimental group compared to the control group (P>0/06). However, Pilates training on premenstrual syndrome was significantly different in the experimental group compared with the control group (P<0/5). Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that Pilates exercises were effective on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, but mindfulness education did not have a significant effect.