Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2017 | Volume:30 | Issue:3 (116)|Papers Count:30

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the Anaplasma spp. A. marginale is the most important species of vererinary in the family Anaplasmataceae. The disease is the most prevalent of bovine hemoparasite infections and is endemic in tropical, subtropical and certain temperate areas of the world. Invasion and multiplication of A. marginale in erythrocytes of cattle may result in anemia, weight loss, abortion, and sometimes death during acute infections. A. marginale is transmitted biologically by ticks and mechanically by blood-contaminated mouthparts of biting flies or fomites. Transplacental transmission of A. marginale may contribute to the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis in some regions. According to the recent studies in Iran, approximately a quarter of the examined cattle have been positive for A. marginale. In spite of the global importance, in Iran the disease is still often overlooked in diagnosis and treatment. There is little surveillance information about this disease in Iran due to poor recognition and report. This paper reviews the literature on anaplasmosis with special attention to the prevalence of the disease in Iran and the world to help veterinarians differentiate, diagnose, and treat this disease.

Tuberculosis is still considered as one of the most important zoonotic diseases and the cause of infectious death and human casualties. The main purpose of this study was to set up and diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in patients of FARS, Shiraz using the Regions of Difference (RD) typing and RFLP techniques. The genomes of 50 isolates were extracted by boiling method. To determine the genus of the isolates, PCR technique based on 16 s rRNA was used. IS6110 PCR and RD typing were used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Finally, the PCR-RFLP method was used as a comparing method for comparative evaluation of RD typing to identify mycobacteria. Amplification of 543 bp bands in 16s rRNA PCR showed that all studied isolates belonged to the genus Mycobacterium. In IS6110 gene PCR, it was shown that all isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex due to the amplification of 245 bp bands. In RD typing the identification was based on RD1, RD4, RD9 and RD12. The comparative method of PCR-RFLP on pseudo gene oxyR showed that all isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using RD-typing, it was found that all isolates achieved from Shiraz were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The absence of Mycobacterium bovisisolates represents good hygiene and consumption of pasteurized milk in this city. The results of this study also reflect the ability of RD typing technique in differentiation of mycobacteria.

Stability study of biological products plays an important role for determination of product changes in maintenance period and ensuring of safety and efficacy of vaccines. In this study longterm stability reduced-dose Rev.1 strain brucellosis vaccin that manufactured by Razi vaccine and serum research institute was evaluated. Sampling was conducted in accordance with references OIE 2015, and the samples after storage at 8-2 oC and packaging conditions for 11 months, according to the vaccine package insert an interval of one month was tested for stability Real time. In this study, all tests quality control and physicochemical tests for evaluate the stability the vaccine for every 3 batches to 11 months after production was performed. For analyzing information from median, mean, variance, correlation and linear regression were used. The results of the study showed that all batches of studied, stable for 10 months in accordance with the requirements OIE 2015. If the conditions that all the requirements related to the preservation of vaccine including cold chain conditions should be observed. The vaccine can be stable for 10 months. Therefore, in accordance with the requirements OIE 2015, BP 2015 the expiration date of the vaccine can be increased from 4 months to 7 months.

BoLA-DQA protein is a highly polymorphic region in MHC class II and plays a key role in immune responses, resistance and susceptibility to infectious diseases, vaccination and production factors. Compared with other species, there are little data on molecular characteristics, structure, phylogeny and evolution of BoLA-DQA. In the present study, some aspects of these subjects and propose practical points based on findings about variations, structure and phylogeny of this locus in cattle was studies. Protein sequences of BoLA-DQA alleles were retrieved from databases. Variation was evaluated by Shannon entropy plot based on alignment of sequences with ClustalW2 algorithm, and Highly Variable Regions (HVRs) were analyzed. Then, tertiary structure of protein by homology modeling approach under certain circumstances, energy minimization and model validation were achieved. Finally, phylogeny, allelic grouping and estimation of evolutionary divergence were done using Maximum Likelihood method. For heuristic search of initial tree, Neighbor-Joining and BioNJ were used for pairwise distance matrix by JTT model and then, Logs with better Likelihood were appointed. Seven HVRs and some semi-variable regions in variation analysis were obtained. The highest variable region was amino acids 90-93. These HVRs were seen in all substructures after homology modeling of BoLA-DQA protein (with 97.5 validity). Besides, alleles were grouped into five clusters by phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary analysis of tree showed that more ancient alleles were *2103 and *2602, and probable newer alleles were *1204, *0302 and *2207. Present study helps in designing effective vaccines against infectious diseases and animal breeding in easy prediction of production factors in cattle.

Due to inappropriate use of antibiotics, the bacterial species have become resistant to antimicrobial medicines and treatments to health problems. Medicinal plants and derivatives are a good source for treatment and are effective against drug resistance. In this study, the effect of Aloe vera on biochemical properties and cell structure of drug-resistant E. coli was studied by electron microscopy.Aloe vera aqueous extract was produced by distillation method and the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by diffusion disk method and dilution microplate for drug-resistant E. coli. The effect of extract on biochemical properties of bacterial cultures was analyzed using blood agar, eosin methylene blue (EMB), biochemical tests IMVIC, citrate test, SIM test and urease test. The possible change in cell structure compared with control, was assessed in consecutive extract concentrations using scanning optical microscopy, and the first concentration altering the structure was determined. At this concentration, the exact structure of drug-resistant and sensitive E. coli strains was studied using TEM, negative staining and section methods. Kirby-Bauer method results demonstrated that drug-resistant E. coli (ESBL) was resistant to the studied antibiotics. MIC of 4 mg of drug-resistantE. coli was determined. At this concentration, up to 30 minutes of combination of extract and bacteria, the results of all biochemical tests were unchanged. After this time, tests of citrate, in dole, mobility and OF were negative and TSI was without gas production and alk/alk. Optical microscopy results showed that the extract can destroy, reduce size and assembly of bacteria, induce to form cocobacilli and change the staining. Comparison of stained-resistant isolates and negative control samples in electron microscopy indicated the visibility of the bacterial assembly and asymmetric divisions from the cell pole. The results of two different morphology in cross-section of Escherichia showed an ordinary and dull form that is larger and has a thickness of 2.3nm. The aqueous extract prepared from the plant Aloe vera, had an equivalent effect to or a better effect than the commonly used antibiotics on bacteria isolated from patients with infectious matters. Therefore, appropriate drugs made of plants may be used to treat resistant infections.

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) is an acute disease of cattle and buffaloes in tropical countries, caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida)serotype B: 2, a Gram-negative coccobacillus. Some evidences of immunosuppression have been observed after a challenge with a virulent strain on vaccinated calves. To further investigate the observed suppressive effect, the present study was set up using a cell-free extract and calf PBMCs, for in vitro experiments. A lymphocyte stimulation assay was used to assess the effects of a cell-free extract (CFE) of P. multocida on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from calves. To assess the proliferative response of PBMCs obtained from calf, ConA was added to the PBMCs culture, and the proliferation was quantified by assessment of radioactivity of absorbed 3H-Thymidine. In order to characterize the agent (s), the CFE extract suppressive activity was assessed after heating and dialyzing and also by using an outer-membrane protein (OMP) preparation in experiments. Results indicated that addition of CFE at 50 mg/ml caused a five fold decrease in the proliferative response to ConA. Heating at 80o for five min completely destroyed the suppressive properties. An outer membrane protein (OMP) preparation of P. multocida B: 2 markedly suppressed the proliferative response of PBMCs to ConA. The study was indicative of a suppressive component (s) of P. multocida B: 2 on proliferative response of calf PBMCs to ConA. The active part of the suppressive agent (s) was likely to be at least in some part of protein, and is of OMPs.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV/GD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease and important immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens and pullets worldwide. The aim of this research was the molecular detection of Gumboro strains in clinical cases of broiler chickens in Guilan province. On the basis of clinical signs and postmortem findings, 4 flocks (10%) out of 40 flocks were suspected to Gumboro disease. RNA was extracted from fabricious bursal samples of 4 flocks and RT-PCR was performed. IBDV was detected in every 4 flock samples as evidenced by amplification of 643 bp fragment of the very variable region of VP2 gene. The authenticity of the amplicons was further confirmed by Nested-PCR generating 552-bp amplicons using specific primers. To distinguish the viral virulence, PCR products of positive samples were digested with two restriction enzymes (Sac I and Bsp MI) and results were recorded. Results showed that vvIBD was detected in all 4 flock bursal samples. In conclusion, in spite of redction in incidence rate of Gumboro clinical signs in recent years, passage of vvIBD virus in chicken flocks are observed. Future study on subclinical Gumboro diseases detection in early age of broiler flocks are recommended.

In this research, extraction, purification and inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were performed with the aim of investigating the effects of inactivated and intact form of LPS on chicken humoral immune response stimulation. Also, the possibility of application of this outer part of cell wall for specific induction of humoral immune response to its reference bacteria was evaluated. The LPS was extracted using Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Four doses (10, 25, 50 and 100 mg) of inactivated and intact form of LPS and 100 mL of %20 sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were injected to eight groups of broiler chickens (N=4). The humoral immune responses were evaluated five and 10 days after treatment by haemagglutination assay. The effects of LPS on induction of humoral immune response to the reference bacteria were measured using in-house ELISA. Injection of 10 and 25 mg of LPS significantly (P<0.05) induced the humoral immune response. The inactivated LPS only induced immune responses 10 days after the injection of 100 μg. No significant difference existed between the various groups in antibody titer against E. coli (P<0.05). It is possible to take advantage from Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in poultry immunization. Also, evaluation of the side effects and changes of inactivation methods may show the capability of LPS application in animal immunization. In addition, using LPS as a vaccine for E. coli is not suggested.

Mastitis is one of the major diseases of dairy cows throughout the world which is associated with severe economic losses for dairy producer. Antimicrobial resistance, production of secondary harmful metabolites and drug residues in animal products following use of antibiotics are shifting interests of clinicians into the use of medical plants. The aim of present study was to evaluate in-vitro antibacterial activity of Achillea essential oil extract against some gram positive bacteria isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Shahrekord. Essential oil was obtained by Clevenger apparatus according to British pharmacopeia protocol. The chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Disk diffusion and macro dilution methods were used for the determination of antibacterial activity. Disk diffusion method showed that the essential oil in concentrations of 5mg/mL may inhibit all bacterial growth. Macro dilution test revealed that for Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Enterococcus faecalis, the MIC and MBC were 4.73 mg/ mL and 9.46 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC of Staphylococcus aureus were 4.73 mg/mL and 2.365mg/ mL, respectively. According to the results, it was concluded that essential oil of Achillea extract might be used in vitro as a bactericidal agent for the bacteria that cause mastitis.

Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease distributed worldwide and characterized by abortion and reduced fertility in cows. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of Brucella abortus in Holstein dairy cows in north west of Iran by using serological and PCR assays. In this study, blood samples were drawn from 1692 cows at the dairy farms of west Azerbaijan, east Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces (North-West of Iran) and their sera separated by centrifugation. The serum samples were analyzed by Rose Bengal Test (RBT), 2-ME and multiplex PCR assays. From 1692 samples collected, 14.65% showed positive RBT and 13.23% showed positive 2-ME and 21.98% showed a positive reaction to the PCR test. In conclusion, all serological and particularly PCR tests are recommended for diagnosis of Brucella strains in cows subjected to abortion. It was concluded from the results that prevalence of brucellosis in cattle was low in this region.

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection causing abortion in warm-blooded animals including sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate sero-prevalence ofToxoplasma gondii infection of sheep in some regions of Isfahan province. To do this, 320 serum samples were taken and investigated for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies using an indirect ELISA. Results showed that 73 out of 320 investigated samples (22.8 percent) had detectable titers of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies. The samples were then divided into five groups according to the age of animals including 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, 3.5-4.5 and older than 4.5 years old. Sero-prevalence of infection was 16.66, 19.48, 22.07, 25.77 and 25.49 percent in each group, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no relationship between the age groups and seropositivity. The results of this study showed that rather than relatively high sero-prevalence of infection and possibility of abortion in sheep population, the infection may be the source of zoonotic hazard via undercooked meat products.

Ostrich considered as a high value bird in comparison with other birds and domestic animals because of having low cholesterol and fat and more Fe level meat. Utero-vaginal junction Has sperm storage tubules which store spermatozoa. As There are not any simultaneusly research done on this part in breeding season and Non-breeding seasons, these organs were studied anatomically and histologically. For this, every month four oviducts of adult ostrich were provided (overall 48 oviducts) and Utero-vaginal junction was anatomically studied. Then tissue samples were taken. Samples were obtained, using Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit. The anatomical results suggest there is a sigmoid curve in the start of the vagina. Histological results showed the epithelium of this part is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar and in some Month, s epithelium was simple ciliated columnar. Epithelium of tubules were simple non- ciliated columnar. Statistical analysis result suggest The length and width of this part and The number and diameter of sperm storage tubules in first half of year is larger from second half year. Maximum average size belongs to 23 July-25 August and minimum to 22 December-20 January.

In order to determine the histological and histochemical structure of the urinary system, this study was carried out in 10 female and 10 male twenty-week-old healthy native partridges. The birds were anesthetized by chloroform inhalation and euthanized. After dissection, the position of kidneys and ureters with related structures studied. Tissue samples from cranial, middle and caudal portions of each kidney and ureter fixed in 15% neutral buffered formalin. Sections stained with H& E for histological observation and special stainings: Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff’s, PAS, Alcian blue, and Gomori’s for histochemical investigation. Two nephron types present in kidney of birds. Renal capsule was made up of all the connective tissue fibers. Alcian blue and PAS-positive reaction found in the proximal convoluted tubules, collecting tubules and collecting ducts. The primary branches of ureter composed of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa, whereas the secondary branches was only consisted of epithelium and connective tissue fibers. In all different regions of ureter, lymphatic tissues were not observed in the lamina propria. Histology of kidney and ureter showed no significant sex-based differences. Also, the histological structures of the kidney showed no significant differences among different divisions of the left and right kidneys. The microvilli and mucosal folds were more identified in the proximal region than those of the other regions of the organ. The thickness of tunica muscularis increased from the proximal to the distal region of the ureter. Unusual findings of the ureter in Alectoris chukar were the presence of isometric longitudinal folds, and muscularis mucosa.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) and threonine (Thr) levels on immune response and blood biochemical parameters on Iranian native turkeys. A total of 160 native turkeys with 4wk of age were randomly assigned to a 2×5 factorial arrangement. Treatments including three different CP dietary levels (90 and 100% of NRC recommendations) and Thr in 5 levels (0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05 and 1.15% of diet). Results indicated that reduction of dietary CP level not significantly effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune response and blood serum parameters (P>0.05). Also different amounts of threonine not influenced on cell-mediated immune response and antibody response versus SRBC in 7 days after injection in native turkeys (P>0.05). However, in secondry challenge, treatments containing 0.85 and 1.15 % threonine had highest antibody concentration versus SRBC and had significant difference with groups of 0.95 % threonine (P<0.05). Different levels of CP and Thr amino acid had not significant effect on glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, HDL, VLDL and LDL concentration (P>0.05), However level of 1.05 of threonine significantly increased serum total protein and uric acid concentrations in serum native turkeys (P<0.05). Except of uric acid, any interaction effect not observed between CP and Thr in measured parameters (P>.05). Results of present study generally indicated that supplementation of Thr amino acid to diet could be improve humoral immune response and increase serum uric acid level in native turkeys, However different amounts of CP had not affect on this parameters.

The quality of farmed fish is becoming increasingly important within the aquaculture industry and levels of feeding and starvation are crucial factors that determine product quality. In this study the effect of starvation on glycogen, triglyceride, cholesterol and aminotransferase enzyme activities of liver in grey mullet fingerling was investigated 180 fingerling were randomly distributed into six tanks (three tanks for each of two experimental groups, fed twice a day (8 AM and 16 PM) and starved) with 30 fish in each tank. The experiment consisted of five samplings performed 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after the onset of the experiment Levels of total triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glycogen were analyzed using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. No significant differences in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and ALT of liver were detected between fed and starved groups at any sampling time throughout the experiment. In contrast, liver glycogen levels were significantly lower in starved fish than in fed fish from day 7 onwards. The present results indicate that glycogen is used as the first energy resource in Mugil cephalus.

Due to the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics, finding a natural antimicrobial agent is important as an alternative drug. The European foulbrood disease is one of the common diseases in apiaries and Peniacillus alvei is one of the disease-causing bacteria. In this study, antibacterial effects of some products of honeybee (propolis, honey) were tested on Peniacillus alvei. For this purpose, the needed products of hive were collected from numbers of different areas in Kerman state and were extracted in the lab. Then, Penibacillus alvei was cultivated in special medium and affected by different concentrations of the extracts. Finally, MIC and MBC of samples were determined by disc diffusion and microtiter plate tests. The data were analyzed by SAS software. Although, the results showed that the antibacterial effect of water and alcoholic extracts of propolis and honey was lower than the usual standard antibiotics (P<0.01), their antibacterial effect was significant on inhibition and lethality of Penibacillus alvei. Ethanol and methanol extracts of propolis had inhibitory and lethal effects on Penibacillus alvei at a concentration of 0.32 mg/ ml, but honey had inhibitory and lethal effects on this bacteria at none of the tested concentrations. The results showed that propolis has an antibacterial effect on the causative agent of European foulbrood disease in honeybee.

The objectives of present study was to evaluate the association among blood metabolites, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha and metabolic diseases in Holstein cows during transition period. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (N=50), with body condition scores (BCS) 3.5±0.75 and third parity were selected. Blood samples were collected weekly from 2 week prior to calving to 2 weeks after calving to determine plasma concentrations of non-esterifies fatty acids (NEFA), beta-Hydroxyl butyrate acid (BHBA) and activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT) enzymes. According to above parameters cows divided into healthy (N=10) and diseases cow (n=10) and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and TNF-a compared weekly from 2 week prior to calving to 2 weeks after calving. Results showed cows with metabolic disorders had higher plasma concentrations of NEFA, BHBA, AST and TNF-alpha compared to healthy cows (P<0.05) but conversely plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were lower in cows with metabolic disorders compared to healthy cows (P<0.05). Plasma glucose concentration affected by time and increased from -14 to calving in both treatments and after that decreased until d+14. Glucose concentrations at d+7 and+14 were greater in healthy cows compared to cows with metabolic disorders. Plasma TNF-a concentration were greater in cows with metabolic disorders compared to healthy cows during whole esxperiment. In conclusion due to greater TNF-a concentration in cows with metabolic disorders before calving, using this item could be useful to predict cows suspicious to metabolic disorders after calving therefore we can use suitable strategies to prevent or decreased incidence of metabolic disorders.

Cispride drug as a procinetic drug in digestive system, causes prolongation of the QT interval by electrophysiologic changes in the ion channel that is responsible for the rapid component of the delayed rectifier current for potassium (IKr). This drug is metabolized by cytochrome P450. However, serious cardiac arrhythmias have been reported in patients taking cisapride like ventricular tachycardia and hypokinetic heart. The goal of this issue is to measure the ventricular size by evaluating of ejection fraction and fractional shortening following oral administration of cisapride.In this appraisal, six domestic dogs were randomly selected. Then all of them were issued on echocardiographic changes in two times as before administration and after administration of 1 mg/kg cisapride for three times day. Two- dimensional B-mode and M-mode pictures were analysed. The results confirmed that by oral administration of cisapride ventricular function became impaired and the Frank-Starling law of the heart was note operative. The side effects were reduction of heart rate, declining of ejection fraction and fractional shortening which resulted Decreased cardiac contractility heart.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary chromium picolinate on the growth performances (final weight (FW), specific growth ratio (SGR), weight gain (WG) and condition factor (CF)), feed indices (feed conversion rate (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER)) hematology (hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and liver lipid levels (cholesterol and triglyceride)) of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) for 60 days. In this experiment, 120 Indian mackerel (with average weight of 7.18±1.01 g) were divided to four treatments and three replicates (n=10 in each replicate) in a completely randomized design and fed with diets containing 0, 600, 800 and 100 mg chromium picolinate/kg food, respectively. The present results showed that the highest FW, SGR, CF, PER, WG and the lowest FCR were observed in the diet containing 600 mg/kg chromium picolinate in all of the parameters. Treatment two (600 mg /kg) showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P<0.05). Treatment containing 600 mg /kg chromium picolinate had significantly reduced liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with those in other treatments. The highest WBC, RBC and hemoglobin were observed in treatments containing 600 and 800 mg/kg chromium picolinate. Treatment containing 1000 mg/kg chromium picolinate was not affected in all growth parameters and hematology (P>0.05). Finally, the present results suggest that diet containing 600 and 800 mg/kg dietary chromium picolinate could improve growth and hematology indices and liver lipid levels of Indian mackerel.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on blood factors and serum biochemical parameters of Barbus gyrpus. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 150 shirbut (with average weight of 40.12±9.01 g) in five treatments and three replicates (n=10 in each replicate). The treatments included control group (G1) without using nonoparticles, and experimental groups (treatments G2, G3, G4 and G5) with nonoparticle concentrations of 1.10 LC50, 1.20 LC50, 1.40 LC50 and 1.80 LC50, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. The red blood counts showed a significant increase in G3, G4 and G5 on days 7, 14 and 21 (P<0.05). Glucose level in G3, G4 and G5 on days 7, 14 and 21 and in G2 on days 14 and 21 increased significantly (P<0.05). The urea and uric acid levels did not show significant difference in different days and experimental treatments (P>0.05). Cholesterol level in treatment G3 on days 14 and 21, and treatments G4 and G5 on days 7, 14 and 21 was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Triglyceride level in treatment G2 on day 21 and treatment G3 on days 14 and 21 and G4 and G5 on days 7, 14 and 21 significantly decreased (P<0.05). It can be concluded that sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles, has a relative impact on blood factors and serum biochemical parameters, in addition to the effect on stress responses, and we should be cautious in the use of these substances in aquaculture.

From 2014 in the duration of 24 months, A total of 172 specimens of 29 fish species of saltwater ornamental fish ones offered for sale in shops in Tehran province which showed symptoms of illness were caught from aquarium and transferred alive to the laboratory. After biometry (total length measurement) biopsy and wet spread from the skin and the gills of the fish were supplied and examined under photomicroscope (Olympus ch20 bimf200) in the lab. Among the caught species 76.7 % had parasites infection in their skin and gills and 23.3 % were free of such as infection and of the infected fish, the outer layer of the skin showed the most infection by 97.7 %. Ciliated protozoan parasite (Cryptocaryon irritans) most infection and respectively monogene (Benedinia sp) and flagellate protozoan parasite (Amyloodinium ocellatum) and Turbellarian Sp worms with and ciliated protozoan Parasite (Urinema marinum) and crustacea parasite (Ergasilus sp)and Ciliated protozoan parasite (Euplotes sp) and Ciliated protozoan parasite (Brooklynella sp) and monogene(Dactylogyrus sp) parasite and Ciliated protozoan parasite (Trichodina sp) showed the least infection. This is the first report of saltwater fish parasites mentioned in Iran. The aim of this study is to know external parasites in some saltwater ornamental fish in Tehran Province.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of chitosan on growth performance, blood and serum biochemical indices and innate immunity of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) for 60 days. In this experiment, 120 grey mullets (with average weight of 12.01±1.04 g) were divided into four treatments and three replicates (n=10 in each replicate) in a completely randomized design and fed with diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 g chitosan / kg food, respectively. The present results showed that diets containing 10 and 15 g chitosan/ kg food had a significant difference in growth and feed indices compared with control and the diet containing 5 g/kg chitosan (P<0.05). The highest final weight, condition factor, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and red blood cellwere observed in the diet containing 10 g/kg chitosan which had a significant difference compared with other treatments (P<0.05). The highest heamoglobulin, white blood cell, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, total protein, globulin and lysozyme activity were observed in treatments containing 10 and 15 g/kg chitosan, which showed a significant difference compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Finally, the present results suggests that diets containing 10 and 15 g/kg dietary chitosan can improve growth, hematology and blood biochemical indices and innate immunity responses of grey mullet.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary chitosan on the growth performances, feed indices and blood indices of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) for 60 days. In this experiment, 120 Indian mackerel (with average weight of 7.16±1.01g) were divided into four treatments and three replicates (n=10 in each replicate) in a completely randomized design and fed with diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 g chitosan /kg food respectively. The present results showed that diets containing chitosan showed a significant increase in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), protein efficiency rate (PER) and condition factor (CF) FW, WG, PER and CF and a significant decrease in food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with control (P<0.05). The highest FW, PER, CF, and WG were observed in the diet containing 15 g /kg chitosan which showed a significant difference compared with control (P<0.05). MCV and MCH in the treatment containing 15 g /kg chitosan showed a significant decrease compared with those in other treatments. The highest WBC, RBC and hemoglobin were observed in treatments containing 10 and 15 g /kg chitosan. Finally, the present results suggested that diets containing 15 g /kg dietary chitosan could improve growth and hematological indices of Indian mackerel.

Study of acute accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg and Cu) in tissues of fillet, liver and skin of stellate sturgeons was done in Southwest (SW) and Southeast (SE) coasts (Mazandaran and Golestan provinces) of Caspian Sea. In this study the relationship between tissues heavy metals accumulation and fatty acids were investigated, in such valuable and popular sturgeon species. The results showed that all measured heavy metals were in standard range and there was no difference between the two area (p<0.05), but heavy metals concentration in fish liver was more than that in fillet and skin (p<0.05). The Cd in the fish liver was higher than the acceptable range in both SE and SW coasts (0.22 and 0.26μg/g, respectively) (p<0.05). Hg amounts were higher in the stellate surgeon skin than in other organs in both SE and SW coasts, (0.11 and 0.42 mg/g, respectively). Also, in SW coast samples, the heavy metals accumulation was higher than in SE. The pattern of heavy metals accumulation in the fish fillet was different from liver and skin. On the other hand, total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were 89.12 and 80.84 g/100g in samples of SW and SE coasts, respectively (p<0.05). Total omega-3 was 18.45 and 13.42 g/100g, respectively (p<0.05) in the same samples. In addition, there was a specified relationship in different organs between fish fatty acids and amounts of heavy metals. This relationship was a positive correlation in tissues of liver (R2=0.824), skin (R2=0.818) and fillet (R2=0.627) of the sturgeon fish. On the contrary, the heavy metals decreased according to increase in omega-3 fatty acids in sturgeon fillet (R2=0.021). The results also indicated that stellate sturgeon had relative safety and non-hyper contamination by heavy metals.

Developing safe methods to maintain quality of harvested fish during storage and inhibiting growth of pathogens is crucial. On the other hand, using chemical preservatives to control the pathogens is a great health concern for us. Therefore, it is desirable to use natural preservatives with antibacterial properties for keeping health the harvested aquatic products. This study was conducted to evaluate effect of separate and synchronized activities of acid ascorbic so their improving anti-bacterial effect by pH alternations on Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garviae isolated from reared rainbow trout of province. We assessed the antibacterial effects of different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 19.53, 39.06, 78.13, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000 mg/mL), separately and simultaneously, in vitro on growing Streptococcus iniaeand Lactococcus garviae under different pH 5.5, 6 and 7 by microdilution and spectrophotometrically methods. In microdilution assessment method, the most effect of growth inhibitory on the both of bacteria by ascorbic acid was observed in concentration 2500 mg/L under pH 5.5 and 6; nevertheless less inhibitory was observed in pH 7 by more concentration of the ascorbic acid, as MIC 5000 mg/mL. Considering the mentioned results, decreasing pH from 7 to 6 and 5.5 could increase inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid on both growing Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garviaeactivities.

In recent decades, many studies have been conducted evaluating the effects of probiotics in fish. Its positive effects on growth performance and the health of fish have been reported. Rainbow trout is one of the aquaculture species which is important in economic aspect. Juvenile rainbow trout were used in one control group (without bacteria in food) and three treatment groups with108 CFU/g Pediococcus pentosaceus in different doses of 200, 300, 400 g/ 1000 kg food were used in this study. After eight weeks, tissue samples from different parts of the intestine have been taken and then fixed in 10 % formalin. Then, tissue passages were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson’s trichrome. The results showed that histometrical values like height and width of the villi in anterior and middle intestine of treatment groups especially in 400 g bacteria / 1000 kg food was significantly (p<0.05) increased in comparison with that of control group. It seems that Pediococcus pentosaceus caused positive effects on proliferation and growth of the intestine tissue which lead to increase of absorption surface area and growth of the juvenile rainbow trout.

The aim of this study was to investigat the histological changes of chromatophore cells in Yellow fin Seabream Acanthopagrus latus, after exposure to the Aeromonas hydrophila. In this regard, seventy fish were divided into three groups, one group didn't affect by bacteria and therefore was considered as control group. Other two groups were exposed to 103 and 106 concentration in immersion way. Fishes were kept under experimental condition for 21 days. Tissue samples were taken from skin at the 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days of experiment. The samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. According to the results, histometrical studies in both groups (103, 106) compared to control group showed that thickness of chromatophore cells layer was decreased significantly (p<0.05). The result showed that tissue structure and size of chromatophore cells which are important cells of fish skin are able to change with the infection caused by the bacterium.

According to the importance of fish in the diet and the fact of being quickly spoilable, the necessity of using the new methods of packing is increasing. Interest in biodegradable coatings and films has been intensified in recent years. Chitosan is biopolymers with preservative effects and film forming ability to form antimicrobial and antioxidant coatings and films. This study, effect of film and coating prepared with chitosan solution on shelf-life Lethrinus nebulosus fillet stored in refrigerator during 12 days examined. The results was showed that total bacteria and pscychrophil counts with film (11.37 log10 cfu/g and 6.66 log10 cfu/grespectively) and coating (8.72log10 cfu/g and 6.67 log10 cfu/g respectively) significantly decreased in comparison with control sample (13.24 log10 cfu/g and 8.70 log10 cfu/g respectively) in the end of 12 days (P<0.05). TBA and FFA contents of coating and film samples significantly were lower than control samples in the end of 12 days. TVBN, pH and TMA were shown significantly different between treatment samples with control (P<0.05).Sensory evaluations showed that refrigerated coated and film-wrapped samples had more durability (3 days) than control. Generally, chitosan as edible coating and film would enhance shelf life of Spangled emperorfillet during refrigerated storage.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of primary feed restriction with different intensity and time on performance and gut morphology in broiler chicks. For this purpose, a total of 350 Ross 308 broiler chicks divided into 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds per pen. Experimental treatments were included control treatment (no feed restriction), quantitative feed intensities in 3 levels (20, 40 and 60% from feed intake) and 2 ages of onset feed restriction (7 and 10 days of age) in 5 days duration. Weight gain in birds with limited nutrition not had significant difference (P>0.05) than control group in all period (1 to 49 days). However, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in chicks with feed restriction significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared to control treatment. With using feed restriction relative weight of abdominal fat significantly decreased (P<0.01) in 49 days of age. However experimental treatments not influence (P>0.05) on relative weight of hot carcass, breast and thigh muscles. Feed restriction treatments among not affect on gut morphology in 28 days of age. In general, the results of this study showed that apply of quantitative feed restriction in starter period could be keep bird performance without any harmful effect.

Reproductive cycle in rodents is known as estrous cycle. In rodents, the duration of the estrous cycle is shorter than other mammals. The shortened estrous cycle made rodents as a suitable animal model to evaluate the impact of drug treatment, nutritional effect, and stress on reproductive cycle. In bread mouse like BALB/c showed significant decrease in case of reproductive efficiency. The aim of the present study was to find simple and reliable method for detection of different stages of estrous cycle in rodents, especially in mice. One of the proposed methods in estrous cycle monitoring would be the conventional vaginal sampling. In the present study, this method has been modified. To conduct the study we use 10 mice. Mice had ad libitum accessed to water and food. The light cycle was 12: 12 (L/D). All the samples were collected between 9-11 A.M. Sampling was performed using 100 mL sampler and physiological slain solution. Results of the present study revealed that a combination of three different cell types were detectable during Pro-estrous (nuclear epithelial cells, cornified epithelial cells), Estrous (cornified epithelial cells), Met-estrous (cornified epithelial cells, and leucocytes), and Di-estrous (leucocytes).