Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:25 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:28

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is increased because of consumption of drugs as additives in animal food chain, indiscriminate use of arbitrary known the people and the administration. Resistance to antibiotics among non-typhoid salmonella resources is increasing phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from food.Materials & Methods: In a period of 6 months from June to November 2015, the 60 isolates of S. Enteritidis isolates from food-microbiological research laboratory of microbial collection Pasargadae was taken. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates to disk antibiotics (amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin) with disk diffusion testing by Kirby– Bauer was based on CLSI. Then the presence of quinolone resistance genes such as qnrB, qnrS and qnrA investigated with Multiplex PCR method.Results: All 60 tested isolates (100%) were sensitive to cephalothin. So, highest resistance rate was related to nitrofurantoin (50 isolates, 83.3%) and then nalidixic acid (44 isolates, 73.3%). A total of 8 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis carrier of quinolone resistance genes, 5 isolates of qnrB (62.5%) and 3 isolates of qnrS genes (37.5%), respectively.Conclusion: the qnrS and qnrB resistance genes are play an important role in the creation and transmission of antibiotic resistance. Screening quinolone resistance gene as a marker and mark the acquisition and development of antibiotic resistance can be used as an important strategy in the fight against antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Introduction: Hallux valgus is a common foot condition and marked as an anterior deviation of the big toe (hallux) toward the other toes with outward deviation and forming a further bony structure called a bunion on the inner surface of the foot. In this study, we aim to study the efficiency and effectiveness of modified method of seri technique, from mis techniques to evaluate correction of valgus deformity in hallux.Methods: In this study, all patients who referred to orthopedic clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia in 2013 who had hallux valgus deformity, the inclusion criteria for the study and had conflict on one or both sides were selected and reconstructive surgery and correction of foot deformities was performed by SERI technique.1.5 months after and 6 months after surgery, AP and lateral radiographs of the foot were taken and AOFAS test was done. Angles between the first and second metatarsal (IMA) and the first metatarsal proximal phalnx were measured and the results recorded.Results: Total of 12 patients, all females, participated in the study. AOFAS test scores, the angle between the first and second metatarsal (IMA) and the angle of HVA was assessed three times. AOFAS scores has a significant association with the time graph, but did not have a significant association with age. The angle between the first and second metatarsal (IMA) was significantly reduced after 6 months, indicating a significant effect of this method in reducing the angle of the IMA. Also, the relationship between HVA decrement and the time was significant, but there was no significant difference between age and the decrement in HVA.

The study aimed to compare the effects of chamomile oil, oil copticum and clonidine withdrawal syndrome NA groups.Methods and Materials: This study is a double-blind one stage clinical trial with the comparison group. The sample consisted of 135 patients who were randomly NA groups in the control and intervention groups (two groups) were placed. In intervention groups 1, chamomile oil, in the intervention group 2, oil copticum common and in control group treated with clonidine withdrawal are received. COW's symptoms questionnaire was recorded in six steps, and the results were analyzed using SPSS softwareResult: Baseline mean and standard deviation of withdrawal syndrome in the group of Matricariachamomilla oil, Trachyspermumcopticum oil and Clonidine respectively (241.7±15.24), (845.8±52.26) and (469.7±03.23) and after the intervention (442.7±11.12), (452.8±42.11) and (775.7±51.8), respectively. ANOVA test showed that the three groups before the intervention (p=0.32) and after (p=0.70) no significant difference in the degree of addiction syndrome.Conclusion: About vegetable oil on the impact of the withdrawal syndrome, more studies are needed.

Objectives and background: Nowadays, dementia is considered as a global epidemic that causes disability particularly in the elderly people. By population increase of the elderly people around the world, there are an increasing number of people with dementia which in turn results in an increase in the related research. Scientometric studies provide the opportunity of investigating the situation of scientific production and the subject trends in this area of research.Materials and Methods: The present study examines the scientific production of dementia based on the Web of Science in Geriatrics and Gerontology subject category until the end of June 2015. The word co-occurrence analysis of keywords was used in order to mapping science and determines the subject trend of dementia-related research.Findings: The results showed that the number of articles has increased from 14 research papers in 1983 to 1130 in 2014.14417 research papers involve 55892 keywords. The results from word co-occurrence analysis of keywords indicated that these concepts are classified into five cluster including Cognition, Frail Elderly, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer Disease, and Dementia. Moreover, the results of keyword analysis in 5 year periods showed that in addition to Alzheimer Disease and Dementia, the number of keywords such as Cognition, aging, Memory, and caregiver were increased. Besides Alzheimer Disease and Dementia are the risk factors enhance.Conclusion: Familiarity with the research trends and hot subjects in dementia research help the researchers and policymakers with making better decisions in conducting research studies and funding on this area.

Background: Regular exercise training has been postulated as an important strategy to reduce inflammatory markers, but it is still not clear what type of training is most appropriate. The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of low-intensity resistance training (Low-RT) and high-intensity aerobic training (High-AT) on serum levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in obese young men. An additional aim was to compare the inflammatory markers between the obese and non-obese men to determine the obesity effect.Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight obese and young men (age=28.4±5.2 year, body fat%=27.5±1.5) were randomly assigned to Low-RT (n=14), High-AT (n=12) and control (CON, n=12) groups. An age-matched (age=27.0±5.9 year) control group of non-obese men (body fat%=15.5±2.6, n=15) were also recruited for baseline comparison. Independent t-test and 2-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for analyzing data.Results: Results showed that no significant differences were noted at baseline between obese and non-obese men for IL-18 (p=0.17), CRP (p=0.08) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak; p=0.24). After training, VO2peak increased in Low-RT (p=0.03) and High-AT (p=0.001) compared to the CON, but in High-AT more than in Low-RT (p=0.02). Compared to the CON, both of training were equally effective at reducing fat mass (p=0.001). However, there were no significantly changes in IL-18 (p=0.26) and CRP (p=0.15) after training programs.Conclusion: The lack of significant differences for IL-18 and CRP between obese and non-obese young men might be due to the similar status in age and aerobic fitness. In addition, it seems that 12-week of Low-RT and High-AT could not make a significant reduction in the concentrations of inflammatory markers.

Background & Objectives: According to avoid the attenuation the immune system after exhaustive exercise and the role of micronutrients on this background, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on salivary immunoglobulin A, cortisol and total protein concentration following an exhaustive physical activity program.Methods: The subjects of this semi-experimental study were 17 active girl (age 22.11±2.36), weight 55.70±6.81 kg, and body mass index 20.88±2.25 kg.m2 who voluntarily participated in this study. They randomly assigned into three groups: exercise-vitamin C supplementation (n=6), exercise (n=5) and control group (n=6). Exercise-vitamin C supplementation group performed an exhaustive physical activity program (7 days in AM and PM) with receive daily 500 mg vitamin C tablets at lunch time. Exercise groups performed same protocol without supplementation receive, and the control group performed neither the physical activity nor received the supplement. Saliva samples were collected one day before starting the physical activity program and also 24 and 72 hours after the last session, in 9: 30 morning. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for assessing changes in variables during the three stages of testing and the differences between group averages. The significant level was p<0.05.Results: The results showed there were no significant difference between groups in Immunoglobulin A, cortisol and salivary total protein concentration. Except in the concentration of cortisol in training group (p<0.005) also there was not observed significant differences between time courses of factors.Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that intake of vitamin C supplementation had not effect on active girls mucosal immunity after one week exhaustive physical activity program.

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis. Patients with streptococcal pharyngitis should be rapidly treated with appropriate antibiotics. Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis can develop as complications of inadequately treated streptococcal pharyngitis. Furthermore, antibiotic misuse promotes antibiotic resistance. Throat swab culture is standard diagnostic method for detection of S. pyogenes, which is time-consuming. Thus, developing a new, rapid, appropriate and inexpensive kit is very important for detection of S. pyogenes from pharyngeal specimens.Methods and Materials: In this study, a new kit was designed for rapid detection of S. pyogenes. Twenty four S. pyogenes isolates were examined with both latex agglutination test and new kit. Sensitivity and specificity of new kit were calculated considering latex agglutination test results. Thirty sample swabs were also obtained from students of Alzahra University for examination of effect the new kit on normal throat flora.Results: Twenty four S. pyogenes isolates were identified as S. pyogenes using latex agglutination test and same results were obtained using new kit (κ=1). The sensitivity and specificity of our new kit were 100% and 100%, respectively. Growth of the normal flora was inhibited in the second section of three section plates.Conclusion: New kit can decrease the required time and expense for detection S. pyogenes from pharyngeal specimens. It can also provide possibility rapid treatment with appropriate antibiotics and prevents rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, unwanted side effects of antibiotic misuse and antibiotic resistance.

Introduction: The utilization of steroid derivatives has become a major concern in the sport community. The aim of the present study was the investigation of eight weeks testosterone enanthate (TE) administrationand resistance training (RT) effects on liver enzyme profile in male rats.Materials and Methods: The thirty five rats (age: 10 weeks, weight: 12±200 g) randomly was divided to five groups (n=7) including: (1) control+placebo, (2) RT+placebo, (3) TE, (4) RT+moderate dose of TE, and (5) RT+high dose of TE. The resistance training was consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail for 8 weeks. At the end, whole blood samples were obtained from the orbital sinus and serum activity of liver enzymes including AST, GGT, ALT and ALP was measured by spectrophotometry.Findings: AST activity RT+HTE group was significantly higher than C, RT and TE groups. This enzyme also had marked higher activity in RT+MTE group compared with C and RT groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Considering to the significant elevation of AST activity in RT+TE (high and moderate doses) groups and insignificant increase in activity of this enzyme in TE group, it can therefore be concluded resistance training and testosterone enanthate have synergistic effect. No change was observed in ALT activity; hence AST increasing may have other origins except liver

Study of Factors affecting regulation and modulation cytokine balance is particularly important in order to inhibit the growth and spread of breast cancer cells in women. In this study, the effect ofAllium cepa to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells in female BALB/c mice who have been patient by induction of cell line 4T1 were investigated.Materials and Methods: In this study have been used of the mice, BALB /c female with breast cancer by injection of mouse cell line 4T1. In each group: normal control, morbid without treatment (sham) and the experimental group (at the same time induction, were receiving onion root extract food rations) were randomly 8 mice. Daily after washing, dewatering roots red onion (Allium cepa) and fed oral for once a day each of the mouse in the experimental group.1 ml/100gBW/day. The mice are placed under deep anesthesia 7 weeks after induced cell line 4T1. During the seven weeks the mice were weighed every other day. Tumor volume was measured by caliper following the formation of the tumor until the end of the seventh week. The tumor weighed after removal from the body.Spleen removed and was placed in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10%, FBS and ELISA tests were performed to measure the IFN-g and IL-4 levels. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 18). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences between groups and Tukey's test was used in order to determine the significance of differences between groups. As well as for studying hypotheses and decide on the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis, level of significance was set at p<0.05.Results: The weight of animals increased in all three groups. The tumor weight and tumor volume was significantly lower in the experimental group treated compared to the patient group (sham) (p<0.0001, p<0.05 respectively). IFN-g and IL-4 levels were measured by ELISA tests were significantly increased (p<0.05) and decreased (p<0.0001) respectively in the experimental group compared to the patient group (sham).Conclusion: Based on the results of this research Allium cepa could have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth in mice with breast cancer.

Physical activity and exercise along with nutrition and hygiene are major factors in prevention of diseases. Due to increase in pulmonary disease prevalence in recent decades and the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a period swimming exercise on Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a) genes expression in lung tissue of wistar rats.Materials and Methods: Twenty wistar rats with the weight of 102±23 g randomly divided into two groups: exercise (n=10) and control (n=10). The exercise protocol included three months of swimming exercise (5 times per week) which begun from 25 min in the first week (4 lit per min) and reached to 60 min (10 lit per min) in the final week. Real time- PCR method was used to assess the genes expression of Sirt1 and FoxO3a in lung tissue. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality and Independent t test was used to compare the group (a<0.05).Results: Results showed that after3 month of swimming exercise gene expression of Sirt1 in lung was increased significantly (p=0.001) but no significant difference was observed in gene expression of FoxO3a between control and exercise group (p=0.09).Conclusion: Considering the role of Sirt1 in the cell stress resistance and its role in deoxyribonucleic acid repair, increased expression of Sirt1 may lead to cell resistance against the damaging factors and reduce the probability of pulmonary disorders.

Background and Objectives: Recently, emotions and their psychological impact on different variables have attracted a special attention. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the role of emotions (positive and negative) in students’ goals.Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-correlation study, based on random cluster sampling, a total of 201 subjects of all 420 students of physical education in 2010-2011 (in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) were recruited, using Morgan Table. To achieve the objectives of the questionnaires, goal orientation scales and positive and negative affectivity were used. Data were interpreted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis.Results: A positive and significant relationship exists between mastery - approach (r=0.19, p<0.01) and mastery-avoidance goals with positive affect (r=0.23, p<0.01). There is a significant relationship between the negative emotions with the goal of functional-avoidance (r=0.15, p<0.05) and those with the goal of mastery-avoidance (r=-0.16, p<0.05). Positive affect was able to predicts the goals of progress in mastery-approach and functional-approach (p=0.05), while functional-avoidance and mastery-avoidance goals were predictable by negative affect (p=0.049).Conclusion: The results showed that the choice of objectives by students can be involved in their emotional aspects.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training on gene expression of Ryanodine receptors' calcium channels and calcium pump in ischemic rats.Materials and Methods: 28 Wistar male rats (200-250 g) were used in this study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham, Ischemia, Exercise, and Exercise-ischemia. Myocardial infarction (MI) was done by closing the left descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 minutes. Exercise program on treadmill was for 8 weeks, 3 days a week for 40 minutes. The rats were anesthetized and the heart tissue was isolated 48 hours after the last training session and injections. Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA2a) and Ryanodine receptors' (RyR2) gene expression was measured for heart tissue cells.Findings: The results showed that SERCA2a gene expression level was increased in both groups of exercise and exercise-ischemia (p=0.001) and this increase was significantly higher in exercise-ischemia group (p=0.001). Also, the results showed that 8 weeks of interval training significantly increased RyR2 gene expression level in two groups of exercise- ischemia and exercise. But a significant decrease was observed in RyR2 gene expression level in ischemia group.Conclusion The results of this study show that a regular interval training program eliminates abnormal contractions associated with cardiomyopathy due to myocardial ischemia and rehabilitates cardiac muscle calcium control and increases mainly the contraction strength by the increase of left ventricle mass.

In this study antimicrobial activities, antioxidant activities and phytochemical compounds in the essential oil and extracts of Cumbopogon olivieri were studied.Material & Methods: For investigation of phytochemical compounds such as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in three extracts (Methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous) and essential oil by Folin-Ciocaltiu, Aluminum Chloride colorimetric and GC-MS methods and antioxidant activities of extracts by two methods (DPPH and FRAP) and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of Cumbopogon olivieri against three bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and two fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by two methods (well diffusion and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)) respectively.Results: The results showed that the methanolic extract had maximum total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity and aqueous extract had minimum value of this compounds and activity. In investigation of essential oil, three compounds such as piperitone (82.95%), carene (2.493%) and limonene were the major constituents. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that the essential oil and extracts had good inhibition effect on all of bacteria and fungi and this inhibition depends to concentration.Conclusion: Overall, based on the results obtained, the plant can be a good candidate for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress, and diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. Also, due to power up the plant in the elimination of pathogens, could be a viable alternative to antibiotics.

Introduction Parkinson's disease results from degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and other part of the brain stem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Biarum carduchrum extract in treatment of Parkinson's disease.Methods: Rats were divided randomly into five groups of eight animals. The control group did not receive any lesion. In Parkinson's group, Parkinson was induced by injection of 6- OHDA in the right anterior mid-brain (MFB). Third, fourth and fifth groups received Biarum carduchrum extract at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg via gavage for 14 days, 7 days after induction of Parkinson models. On day 15 behavioral tests, including catalepsy and open field, was performed.Results: Parkinsonian group showed higher immobility time than control group in catalepsy test and rats treatment with Biarum carduchrum extract at doses of 200 and 400 dramatically reduced the immobilization time.Discussion: The results of this study show that Biarum carduchrum extract can improve motor impairment induced by Parkinson' s.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections and the second cause of infection in human body. The main cause of this infection is bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter. The base of treatment for urinary tract infection is administrating an appropriate antibiotic. Today, antibiotic resistance is considered as an important challenge in treating infections. High and unnecessary use of antibiotics especially in urinary infections resulted in resistance to some antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extract of Escherichia coli took over the pine leaves.Methods: In this experimental study, the alcoholic extract was extracted using. Its antimicrobial activity agar disk diffusion method for determination of bacterial sensitivity determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and dilution method for determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is used, separately.Results: Also, the results of MIC and MBC tests indicated that the inhibition of E.coli and Staphilococci aureus bacterial growth by alcoholic extract of pine had a direct relationship with the amount of available alcoholic extract of pine. By increase of alcoholic extract of pine in each dilution, reduced number of cultured bacterial colonies and no bacterial growth was observed in the dilution equivalent to MBC of alcoholic extract of pine.Conclusion: The results suggest that alcoholic extract of pine can be used as a source of cheap and accessible replacing chemical drugs to treat some bacterial infections.

Background: Unexplained infertility refers to cases in which the standard diagnostic procedures available do not lead to a specific cause for the infertility. Gln223Arg polymorphism was associated with high serum leptin and consequently obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variation of leptin receptor gene in unexplained infertile women.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed in 2015-2016. The subjects were 102 women with unexplained infertility and 112 fertile women with normal hormone profile. All participants gave their signature in consent document. After an overnight fasting, 5 CC blood sample was drawn from all subjects in the day 3 of menstruation. Genotyping of Gln223Arg polymorphism was performed using RFLP-PCR technique.Results: No significant association was observed between Gln223Arg polymorphism and unexplained infertility. The studied population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for Gln223Arg polymorphism. Therefore, there were not disturbing factors of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the population.Conclusion In present study, LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism is not a risk factor for women with unexplained infertility. However, more studies on larger populations and the other leptin receptor polymorphism are suggested to understand the role of this polymorphism in women with unexplained infertility.

Background and Objective: Abuse of anabolic steroids to increase concerns about the harmful effects of these drugs on different organs, including the kidneys, has been increased. Sports activities such as swimming do not modify the effects of anabolic steroids. In this study, the effects of anabolic steroids with or without swimming the public and biochemical changes in renal tissue of rats were performed.Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 32 male rats Wistar, with an average weight of 20±220 g in the form of four groups of nandrolone alone 10 mg/kg (n=8), nandrolone and forced swim 10 mg/gr (n=8), forced swim alone (n=8) and controls (n=8). In this study, urine samples were collected to measure biochemical variables. Data obtained with the software spss version 21 test. One-way ANOVA significant level p£0.05 was performed.Results: H & E and PAS staining nandrolone decanoate+exercise groups compared with control groups and sports inflammation of the glomeruli, tubular atrophy, the number of leukocytes was more evident.Conclusion: The results of swimming exercise show any impact on different parts of the kidney of male rats does not allow the use of nandrolone change in these sectors.

Communication skills are a set of skills that can lead to optimal interaction between individuals and groups within the organization and professional ethics improvement and staff procrastination reduction. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of communication skills training with religious approach to professional ethics and procrastination of employees.Materials and Methods This study is experimental and used pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of administrative staff of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2016 that 80 of them were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group had 40 individuals). The intervention group received six sessions of 90 minutes. They received communication skills with religious approach training. Standard questionnaires of professional ethics and procrastination were used to collect data. For analyzing data, SPSS 22 software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods (ANCOVA) were applied.Results The results showed that communication skills training with religious approach had a positive and significant effect on the professional ethics (F=5.123, p<0.05) and procrastination (F=1.944, p<0.05).Conclusion The results of this study showed that training of communication skills with religious approach can increase professional ethics and decrease procrastination.

Background Increasing the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics is the new challenges for human Bing. Seaweeds are good sources of raw material for drug products due to the abundance and diversity of secondary metabolites. The major secondary metabolites of marine algae are halogenated compounds, which show antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties.Materials and Methods The extraction procedure was conducted by maceration and ultrasounication with organic solvents include methanol and n-hexane. The disk diffusion test, MIC and MBC study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial properties against bacteria. Data analysis was performed by One Way ANOVA.Results In this study, Listeria monocytogenes showed highest sensitivity to n-hexanic extract of algae Dictyota cervicornis in 1.5 dilution W/V, in compare to the dilution of 1.10 and 1.15 W/V (p>0.05). Soaking method extracts didn’t show any significant effect against the studied bacteria.Conclusion Based on the results, n-Hexanic extract of the Dictyota cervicornis algae showed better antibacterial effects in compare to the Methanolic extract and soaking method. But if biochemical composition of the extract could be recognize, the antibacterial effect of the extract could be enhanced.

Background: Considering the necessity of hospital infection control because of the long recovery time and increasing the mortality of patients as well as the lack of accurate reports and statistics of some hospitals, the prevalence of nosocomial infections and associated factors were examined in Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar during the years of 2009-2013.Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical research. Of 89429 patients admitted during the years of 2009-2013, 1046 cases of patients with nosocomial infections in Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar were studied using SPSS version 22 and chi-square test.Results: According to the result of this study, the prevalence of nosocomial infections in all wards of the hospital was 1.2% (1046 patients), and the prevalence of nosocomial infections based on the type of infection in hospitalized patients was infections of urinary tract, 0.4% (367 patients), respiratory, 0.5% (468 patients), anemia, 0.1% (52 patients), and surgical wounds, 0.3% (277 persons). The most common nosocomial infection was related to the respiratory infections, which is 44% of all infections cases. A significant relationship between age, sex and type of infection was not observed. The most common isolated microorganism was coagulase-negative Staphylococci.Conclusion With accepted prevalence and compare to other studies, the prevalence of nosocomial infections has been reported less than the standard. The results of our research encourage us to standardize the hospital infection reports reported by hospitals as well as solve available problems.

Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death among Iranian women. Human RAD51 protein plays a central role in homologous recombination repair of double-stranded DNA breaks and is essential for maintaining genomic stability. Asingle nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated region of RAD51 gene (RAD51 135G˃C) is reported to modulate breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of this SNP with breast cancer risk among Iranian Azeri Turkish women.Materials and Methods This case-control study was performed on 127 breast cancer cases and 125 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and the RAD51 135G>C genotype was determined using a PCR–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) based assay and confirmed by sequencing. The results were analyzed statistically.Results The frequencies of CC, CG and GG genotypes of RAD51 135G˃C were 1.613%, 20.161% and 78.225% in control group and 2.362%, 24.409% and 73.228% in patients, respectively. The results showed no significant differences among patients and controls groups.Conclusion The data presented here may suggest that the RAD51 135G>C polymorphism is not associated with breast cancer risk in Iranian Azeri population.