PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:2|Papers Count:13

Inhaling anesthetics constitute a group of important pharmacological agents used in clinic. Halothane is one of these agents, that there is ambiguity about its effect on memory. In the present study 7 group of rats (10 rats per group) from A to G were incorporated. Group A were trained in passive avoidance box (one trial) and then were tested 24 hours later. Group B and C were anesthetized by halothane (3%) for 15 and 60 min respectively immediately after they have been trained. Group D and E were anesthetized for a similar periods but before training. Group F were trained several times (multi trial) until the rats learned, so that they didn't enter the dark room. Group G were treated as group F but went under halothane anesthesia for 15 min before training. Memory retrieval was tested in all groups 24 hours after training. Halothane anesthesia immediately following training had no significant effect on memory consolidation. Despite the fact that pretraining exposure to halothane did not interfere with learning, but significantly affected memory (p<0.05). These results suggest that posttrai1ing halothane anesthesia has no effect on memory consolidation and its retrieval, while pertaining halothane anesthesia severely affects both of these

The aim of this was assessment effects of oral clonidine on perioprative hemodynamic and anesthetic requirement in old patients. In a prospective study, 40 patient randomly divided in two group. A (Study group) and group B (Control group), each of them had 20 patients. All of the patients were in ASA class II with mean age of (72.6l±7.8y), and sex distribution of 29 males and 11 Females. The patients of group A received low dose oral clonidine (2.5µg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) and those of control group recived diazepam (0.1 mg/kg), 90 minute before induction of GA. Drugs used for induction of both groups included fentanyl l.5µg, thiopantal5mglkg, succinylcholine 1mg/kg, lidocaine 1-1.5mglkg and maintenance of anesthesia included O2 (50 Vol%), N2O(50 Vol%) and 0.50/0-1.5% of halothune. Blood pressure (sys, dia and MAP) and HR were recorded after administration of drugs and during anesthesia. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding in age, weight and sex (P>0.05). Average MAP and sys. BP after laryngoscopy and intubation compared with before them reduced slowly after 5th min. Systolic BP and MAP were more stable in group A. likely HR increased after laryngoscopy and intubation which was more stable in group A. Anesthetic requirement during maintenance of anesthesia reduced in both groups although was greater in group B. Oral clonidine with diazepam, as a premeditation, compared with oral diazepam have more greater and apparent effects in prevention of stress of laryngoscopy and intubation, stability of homodynamic and reduction in halothune requirement, especially in aged patients in ASA class n.

The aim of this research is formulation of sustained release Diclofenac sodium tablet. In this research, diclofenac sodium (The drug), and polymers such as Ethylcellulose (EC), Eudragit, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and p-cyclodextrin (P-CD) were used. Tablets were prepared from different ratios of the drug and the polymers by the slug method. The release profiles from prepared tablets were obtained by the USP XXII (Apparatus II) in phosphate buffer (pH=6.8) at 37±0.5°C and rotation rate of 100 rpm. The best prepared formulation (J), in comparison with the commercial tablet, was chosen by the dissolution testing method. The curve of release of diclofenac sodium up to 98% release was linear when plotted as a function of the square root of time.

Pistacia atlantica var. mutica (Fam. Anacardiaceae) grows in different regions ofIran such as Balochestan, Kordestan, Kerman, Fars and Qazvin provinces. The oleoresin of various species of Pistacia is used in the preparation of chewing gums and has antiseptic effects and mouth refreshing. Its antibacterial effects has been approved on various strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E Ycherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori. So far there is no any reports on chemical constituents of oleoresins of P. atlantica var. mutica. In this study the essential oil obtained from oleoresin of this plant was investigated. The oleoresin was obtained by scratching the body of the tree at end of spring season from Kordestan province. Water distillation method was used to extract the essential oil from the oleoresin. The amount of essential oil obtained was 22% V/W. This percentage is higher on comparison with other species. Separation of components of the essential oil was carried out by using TLC and preparative TLC .The stationary phase and mobile phase selected were silica gel and n-hexane respectively .One main spot at Rf 0.89 with greenish-yellow color (50% sulfuric acid in methanol as spray reagent) was obtained. The spectra of IHNMR and I3CNMR (in CDC13 solvent) were recorded and led to identification of chemical structure of (α- pinene. By using GC, the amount of this compound was measured. The percentage of (α pinene in the essential oil was 94.58%.

Marine product especially fish prepared at high temperature used medicinally in treatment of various human diseases by old traditional system of medicine, but polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a group of chemicals formed during high temperature cooking of meat and fish reported to be potent mutagens and carcinogens. However, the mechanism by which cooked meat enhanced chemically induced carcinogenesis is not known. In this study we show that fried fish meat acts as strong turnor promoter in mouse skin. Female Albino Swiss mice were initiated by DMBA 7,12- Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene and promoted by Croton oil in addition a group of animals were also received seafood 200 mg/mouse/week for a period of 40 weeks. These animals showed a significant enhancement of tumors and carcinoma incidence. Biochemical estimation was the measurement of lipid peroxidation, the parameter is indicative of free radical injury and cancer induction. Also there were significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation in those animals receiving seafood. So an induction of lipid peroxidation in these group of animals suggests that oxidative stress may be responsible for such an observed augmentation of cutaneous carcinogenesis in mice. Our result also indicates that seafood prepared at high temperature probably through the generation of free radical plays an important role in skin tumor genesis. The higher conversion of benign tumors in to malignant carcinoma strongly support our hypothesis.

Eudragits are synthetic copolymers of acrylate that have been known as suitable carriers for preparation of sustained release matrices. Solid dispersion (SD) systems which at first had been used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs is now widely used in preparation of sustained release matrices. This study was performed in order to evaluate the Eudragit RL and RS solid dispersion systems in preparation of sustained release diclofenac sodium matrices. The effect of drug and polymer mixture preparation and drug polymer ratio on the properties of matrices such as its crushing strength, drug release rate and mechanism were studied. The results showed that increasing the polymer content increased the cl1lshing strength of matrices prepared either from physical mixture or SD system and decreased the rate of drug released. Matrices prepared from SD system were harder than those prepared from physical mixtures and the rate of drug release from former matrices was considerably slower than the latter matrices. Comparison of drug release at the same drug: polymer ratio showed that drug release rate from E.RL matrices was slower than E.RS matrices except in matrices prepared from physical mixture with I: 1 drug: polymer ratio. This was attributed to the electrostatic interaction between polymers and drug. The electrostatic interaction between drug and polymers was confirmed by measuring the amount of drug absorbed on the polymers in the presence of Tween 80 or SLS. As E.RL contains more ammonium groups than E.RS therefore the extent of interaction between dic10fenac sodium and E.RL could be greater than E.RS. This could explain the slower drug release rate from E.RL matrices compared to E.RS. In SD systems the extent of interaction between drug and polymers increased and this retarded the rate of drug released. It was shown that in the most cases diffusion was the main mechanism controlling drug release rate. In conclusion the use of solid dispersion systems is valuble in production of sustained release matrices of E.RL and E.RS and can lead to less polymer consumption compared to physical mixtures of drug and polymer in order to control drug release rate. These systems due to very slow rate of drug release are also useful in production of transdermal drug delivery systems.

Breast cancer is one of the most important types of cancer in pre- and post menopausal women. Chemotherapy is one of the most accepted strategies in the treatment of breast cancer. Among chemotherapeutic agents, anthracyclines such as doxorubicin and its anthraquinone (AQ) analogues, mitoxantrone, are the most effective and cytotoxic compounds. The cytotoxicity of these compounds is based on their interaction with cellular DNA and RNA and also production of free hydroxyl radicals. It is believed that these compounds show a dose dependent cardiotoxicity, due to production of free radicals. In this study we tried to synthesis new anthraquinones with less cardiotoxicity. To synthesize AQ derivatives 1-Chloro-AQ was refluxed with 3-amino-1-propanol in n-butanol to give 1[N- (3-hydroxypropyl) amino] AQ. This compound was then reacted with methansulfonylchloride in pyridine at room temprature to produce an intermediate compound. Finally this compound was refluxed with 1,3-diaminopropane in acetonitril to give 1-[N-(N' - (3-aminopropyl)3 aminopropyl]amino]AQ. In another attempt, l-chloroAQ was reacted with 1,3-diaminopropan at 50º.C to give l-[N- (3-aminopropyl) amino-AQ. In this study three compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed using, melting point, IR, IH NMR and Mass spectra. Synthesized compounds are AQ anticancer analogues that have one or two side chain with 4 to 8 atoms length. They, therefore, probably will effect against cancer cells by intercalation with DNA or produce hydroxyl free radicals to cause cell death.

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic polymers are widely used excipients to control the release of active ingredients from matrices. In this research the effect of various parameter (Type of polymers and their concentrations). On the release rate of atenolol were investigated. Four polymers namely Eudragit RSPO, HPMC K4M NaCMC and EC were used. The results showed that an increase in the Concentration of HPMC and EC in the matrices resulted in a reduetion in the release rate of atenolol. As the amount of Eudragit was increased in HPMC matrices the release rate of atenolol was not significantly changed (HPMC: Eudragit 3:1). When the ratio of HPMC: Eudragit was 1:1 the release rate of atenolol Significantly increased. The results showed that the release rate of atenolol from NaCMC matrices is similar to HPMC matrices at pH 1.2, but the release rate at pH 6.8 significantly increased. It can be concluded that the type and concentration of polymers are able to control the release rate of atenolol from matrices formulations.

Adding of plant extracts to cosmetic and hygienic products in the modern formulations has been interesting for many manufacturers. Extraction of natural active ingredients usually preformed by using alcoholic solvents. Direct addition of these extracts to modem formulations such as creams may cause many technical problems. Removing or reducing the amount of alcohol from these extracts is not only expensive and time consuming but also may originate physical or chemical unstability for active materials or their final products. In this study incorporation of considerable amount of ethanol and isopropanol to cream formulations was studied. An o/w cream base was formulated and cetomacrogol 1000 was used as main emulsifier. The total amount of oil phase was 30% and cetostearyl alcohol; Vaseline and liquid paraffin were used as oil phase. Using a triangular diagram the best proportions of oil phase constituents were calculated and maximum incorporation of ethanol or isopropanol to those formulations were determined. These formulation fail to receive more than 10% of alcohol. To overcome this problem carbopol 940 as co-emulsifier was introduced to cream formulations and suitable amount of this compound was optimized. Addition of 0.5% co-emulsifier could increase the incorporation of ethanol or isopropanol to 30% and 35% respectively. The physical stability of these formulations was evaluated to be at least 2 years after manufacturing.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is an increasing health problem and serious challenge to TB control programmes. The objective of this study was to detect the frequency of drug - resistant among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Istanbul, Turkey and to compare with other studies performed in Iran and some other countries. Ninety-one Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were isolated from the same number of patients at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Hospital of Istanbul, Turkey. Sputum samples were cultured on Lowenstain-Jensen medium by standard method. All strains were tested against isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RMP), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM) using the proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. The overall resistance rate was 44%. Primary resistance to SM was the most frequent (21.1%) followed by INH (15.8%), RMP (5.3%) and EMB (2.6%) respectively. Primary multidrug resistance (MDR) was (2.6%). Secondary resistance was the most frequent to INH (33.3%) followed by SM (28.6%), RMP (23.8%) and EMB (14.3%) respectively. Secondary MDR found to be 11.9%. Our results were compared with some other studies in Iran and other countries. Due to high prevalence of drug resistance particularly in developing countries, further studies should be conducted regularly to monitor drug resistance in these countries.

It has been reported that hyperthermia caused by sauna, hot tub or fever during the early stages of pregnancy in human is a risk factor for birth defects. In hot conditions, body temperature can also rise to fairly high levels. Thus we can surmise that during this period, maternal hyperthermia can also cause fetal anomalies. To investigate this hypothesis, pregnant wistar rats were divided into 3 groups and at 9-11 days of gestation, the first (Experimental) group, animals were immersed in water at a temperature of 40°c for 30 minute. In the second (sham) group, they were immersed in water at 36°C for the same time and the third group were control. On the 18th gestational day, all of fetuses were extracted and examined by cesarean section. In the Experimental group, 30.3% of fetuses had various external anomalies but no anomalies was found in the other groups. Our results show that, hot condition caused the elevation of maternal temperature and resulted in fetal anomalies in rats.