Year:2002 | Volume:18 | Issue:2 (36)|Papers Count:19

The reconciliation of science and religion has been the main motivating factor for Piaget to propose the concept of science of genera (solution to the problem of science and religion). Deconversion from philosophy and unsatisfactory rationale presented to the problem by positivistic science did not necessarily entail any lack of interest in the problem of science and religion, but encouraged him to find a new solution to the problem. This article deals with Piaget's conceptual development of the relation between; science and religion. Understanding this relationship provides us with the –meaning of 'immanent existence" and 'transcendent existence': from Piaget's point of view. At the end, the article discusses some of the weak points in this respect.

The aim of the present research was to study the effects of the school type on self perception of students with various levels of intelligence. Level of performance and the type of schools in which the students study have significant effects on their self perception from this perspective, educational experts in any community. are confronted with the question  Whether students should be classified according to their abilities of not. if they are separated, what will be the effect on the self perception of the students? In order to achieve this goal, 455 students boys and girls based on in junior high- school (normal and gifted schools) were selected and their IQ, that was measured by Otis test were classified in three groups: normal, gifted in ordinary schools, and gifted in gifted schools. Then the self-perception of success and failure questionnaire was administered to them and the self-perception of the three groups was compared.The results showed that the three groups were significantly different on factors of effort, task difficulty and chance. But the three groups were similar on ability factor. Also, the differences on internal, external, stable and unstable factors were compared.

Several recent investigations have shown that experiencing social interaction and contact with exceptional students along with information and knowledge about people with special needs can influence positively on normal students' attitudes toward exceptional. students. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of information and social contact on the attitudes of female high school students toward mentally-retarded students and their educational integration. The sample consisted of seventy-five students. The students were selected by stratified random sampling method from three high schools in first grades. Then, they were divided as random assignment into two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received the information program and then the social contact program. The second experimental group received only the information program and finally the control group did not receive any kind of program. Then, The Attitude Scale (Beh- Pajooh, 1'99J) was administered to all students. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANDVA). The results revealed that the mean scores of attitudes by the three groups toward the mentally-retarded students differed significantly. More specifically, the mear. scores of attitudes of the first experimental and the second experimental groups versus the control group differed significantly(P<0.001).By contrast, the investigators did not find any significant differences between the mean scores of attitudes of the two experimental groups. At last, no clear differences were. gained due to high school students' attitudes toward the educational integration of the students with mental retardation.

In order to investigate the validity of Beck Hopelessness Scale, this scale was translated from English into Persian using the standard procedure for translating psychological tests. Then, the resulted scale together with Beck Depression Questionnaire was performed on a group of undergraduate students in Shiraz University using random cluster sampling. Results showed that there was significant correlation between hopelessness scores and depression scores. In addition, when the sample was divided into low and high depressed people using mean scores of the depression scale or into low and severe depressed people using standard deviation, more depressed people showed more hopelessness. These results provide preliminary evidence for the concurrent validity of the Beck Hopelessness scale among Iranian students. Also, using test-retest procedure a high reliability was found for the scale. The internal consistency of the scale was good as it was computed by Alpha coefficient. All items of the scale were correlated positively with the total score of the scale indicating high internal consistency of the scale.

This article deals with verbal knowledge in education. Skills of verbal knowledge were introduced after a brief introduction. The history of verbal knowledge were traced in the previous literature in the final decades of 19th century and the trend of research in the recent years was discussed. Different characteristics of verbal knowledge and the taxonomy including labels, facts, and organized knowledge, based on information processing approach were introduced. Several procedures for information processing and some of their educational applications were pointed out as the foundation for learning of many skills. Finally, a conclusion terminates the article.

This article aims to compare the evaluating processes concerning Islamic and Mainstream administration.The research questions are as follows:1. Does evaluation process exist in Islam?2. What is the difference between evaluation in Islam and evaluation in .Mainstream administration?The hypothesis to the above research questions can be represented as:1. On the basis of valid reasons, it can be stated that Islam in seriously concerned with evaluation.2. The difference between Islamic and Mainstream Administration is explicitly clear, for instance, in Islamic Administration the emphasis is on the performer of the action rather than on the performance.This research is library-oriented one and the method it applies is theoretical analytical. To confirm the first hypothesis, the research emphasizes on the following five reasons:1. Based on the innate principles of human nature, man is endowed with goals, wisdom, conscience and divine disposition and the belief that the two guardian angels which are witnessing his good and bad deeds, man is apt to evaluate his own act:and take progressive steps towards goodness and perfection.2. The belief in Resurrection and the Day of Judgement as the primary principles directing man to decent and good actions and stopping him from indecent and obscene acts makes evaluation as an integral element of Islamic Law.3. Since the principles of Examination and Trial are divine traditions that lead man to his spiritual growth, all human beings without exception, are liable to divine examination and trial. Basically, the philosophy of life and death is itself an examination and trial.4. Both the various verses of the Holy Quran and the' large number of Hadiths have reflected on examinations, calamities, catastrophist and divine justice thus signifying explicitly evidences of examination and trial.5. The evaluation and supervision in Islamic Administration is based on Imam Ali's religious speeches, letters and judicious knowledge in Nahjul - Balaghe. Moreover, to confirm the 'second hypothesis, first, the different concepts of evaluation, aims and criteria of evaluation and their different methods are compared and contrasted in Islamic and Mainstream Administration. Finally, the differences in Islamic evaluation and Mainstream evaluation are studied in terms of performance and performer, the difference between the concept of science and knowledge, and between the behavioral objectives and ultimate goals. Considering the limitations of mainstream evaluation in terms of temporal and spatial factors, Mainstream Administration turns out to be liable to numerous shortcomings due to political, economical and social interests. Therefore, it is confirmed that Divine Justice is infallible in its evaluation while mainstream evaluation, more or less, compromises with the existing situations. And more often, partiality and prejudice prevail over logical reasoning. Thus, observance of discriminations becomes more prominent than consideration of differences.

The purpose of the present study is to answer to the question. if it is possible to develop an education theory - normative in nature- based on the theory of substantial movement which is a descriptive one. Moreover, the study tries to clarity if the theory is able to challenge the theoretical problems in the field of philosophy of education and man's every-day problems.The method of the study is mainly reasoning and moving from “is" to 'ought to". This theory dates back to the Philosopher, Molla Sadra. This theory includes the study of principles, objectives, methods, content and evaluation. As a criterion, this system is applied to some educational views to clarify some educational paradoxes. The potential of the theory in solving the modern man's life-problems is considered as well.

The aims of this study were to investigate the reliability and the validity of the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and to examine its application in a sample of 133 first year medical students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. To determine the reliability, Cronbachs Coefficient alpha was calculated and to examine the validity, the correlation's among SCL-90-R, UCLALoneliness. Scale, Taylor's Anxiety Scale, Neuroticism and Psychoticism Scales in Eisenck Personality Inventory were calculated. The obtained results showed that SCL-90-R has a reliability and validity for use in Iranian culture. Moreover, the normalized standard scores have been presented and the sex differences in each of the nine scaled ofSCL-90-R have been investigated.

The major concern in keeping up the quality of education and consequently the performance of agricultural college students is to promote their motivation and interest toward studying agriculture. In this regard this descriptive research was developed using survey technique and a validated questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through a test-retest with r= 0.70 and Cronbach’s alpha of 0.68. The population consisted of 292 students entering Shiraz University in 1376. 234 students completed the questionnaires. The results indicate that students come to college to get knowledge as a valuable activity. But they perceive that the other students' motivation for studying at college level is to make money or securing a better job. Expectancy, clarity, and objectivity of students' goals were assessed as low. The ability of students to develop an independent program as ''sell-directed learning" was measured and ranked at low to medium. Finally, based on the findings some recommendations were made.

The purpose of this article is to provide an answer to this question: 'How educational evaluation has progressed during the last two centuries?" The available references have been studied, but the theories of Madaus, Stafflebeam and Seriven (1988)' on the situation of educational evaluation in the West have been taken as main   references. According to these theories, educational evaluation has passed through six. periods as follows:1- The Age of Reform (1800-1900)2- The Age of Efficiency and Testing (1900-]930) 3- Tylerian Age (1930-194504- The Age of Innocence (1945-1957)5- The Age of Expansion (1958-1972)6- The Age of Professionalism(1973-1983)Educational evaluation in Iran, however, has developed via interaction with other societies not similar to the West. Based on the available sources, Iran has experienced seven periods scenic the beginning of the 19 century, Theses periods are as follows:1- The Age of Independence (1800-1900)2- The Age of Awareness (1900-1930)3- The Age of Formal Efforts (1930-1945)4- The Age of Difficulties (1945-1957)5- The Age of Interest (1958-1972)6- The Age of Performance (1973-1983)7- The Age of Hope (1983- present)This classification is -a comparative one, and it could change with more analytical studies.

The aim of this research was to study the efficiency of the grades of some subtests of the university entrance examination to predict the students' achievement in Shiraz University. The sample included all of the students admitted in 74-75 academic year in four majors (Accounting, Clinical Psychology, Electrical Engineering, and Mathematics). The results showed that some subtests could predict the students' achievement. in the University. On the other hand, the results revealed that mathematics subtest did not have the validity to predict students' achievement. The results also suggested that, it will be very useful to apply a criterion- referenced along with a norm - referenced select students for the University.

The main objectives of the present study were to investigate die reliability and the validity of Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY) and to examine sex differences in social skills of high school students. In this study, 562 students completed the MESSY. The Cronbach's coefficient alpha and split-half reliability were calculated and the obtained coefficients showed that the reliability was quite good for the Iranian version of the scale. The scale's construct validity was measured by factor analysis and this procedure yields 5 factors. There was no sex differences in the total scores of the scale, but in the factor labeled appropriate social skills, the girls had a better scores than boys and in the factor labeled the relationship with peers, the scores of boys were higher than girl's scores. These sex differences were statistically significant.

Islamic culture and civilization have carried a great legacy for centuries. Part of this legacy is transmitted through manuscripts In this research an effort has been made to detect and locate the holdings of manuscripts in Iran both in public and private libraries to show the significance of budgeting and training specialists to preserve this treasury. The research is a descriptive one. Sixty nine libraries with manuscript holdings in public libraries, parliament, universities, mosques, monasteries, museums and schools are detected, fourteen of which (equal to %21.37) are in Tehran and ten in Mashad (equal to %14.49). Sixty four private libraries with hand-written collections are also detected, fourteen of which (equal to %21.87) are located in Tehran. Hamadan and Yazd each has eight private libraries (equal to %12.5).

In this research, 544 articles published in Iran (English and Persian) by the faculty members of the Universities of Tabriz and Shiraz Medical Sciences in Iran from 1995to 1999have been reviewed.The research was performed by using bibliometric method. Its primary purpose was to determine the main resources in use, scientific periodicals half-life to prepare ranked lists of journal, scientific co.-operation rate among Medical Science researchers, and to determine active sections and departments within the Universities of Tabriz and Shiraz Medical Sciences.

This article is a study of the effects of electronic information sources, such as internet resources and CD- Roms on research activities of academic staff at Shiraz University and University of Medical Sciences of Shiraz. The research hypothesis is that there is a significant difference between research activities of users and non-users of electronic information sources. To test the hypothesis two groups including experimental and contral groups were set up. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was designed by researchers. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. The results show that the effects of electronic information on quality of research are more than its quantity. There is a significant variance between research activities of users and non-users. This research shows that the academic staff who are active in research, are also active as users of electronic information.

The aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes of users towards collector; development at Khuzestan public libraries. A questionnaire was devised by the researcher. Having determined the reliability and the validity of the questionnaire, the researcher distributed 1400 copies to 28 randomly selected public libraries out of 85 libraries in Khuzestan. Of 1400 questionnaires, 660 were returned. However, 504 questionnaires were used in data analysis; thus providing a response rate of 36 percent. Data analysis revealed that collection development in Khuzestan public libraries is not on the basis of user's information needs, and patrons are not satisfied with the present trend of library collection development. The results also showed that librarians’ status has declined to 'Book keepers’ hence, diverging public libraries from their real mission. Finally, the problems that public libraries struggle with are mentioned.