Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:25 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:24

Background and purposeThe effect of the marker expression high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK (in Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and adenocarcinoma prostate. There was conventional reported about rate expression HMWCK in adenocarcinoma prostate. The purpose of this studied was to determine expression of the marker HMWCK with histopathological parameters in BPH and adnocarcinoma prostates by immunohistochemistry methods.Materials & Methods: This descriptive analytical research was conducted on 79 patients admitted to Hospital in Isfahan Iran. Samples were fixed in formalin and tissue processing and stained by hematoxilin and eosin adenocarcinoma samples were classified with Gleason pattern (score) method by pathologist. The effect of over expression in marker expression HMWCK was done after diagnosis by two expert (blind). The obtained data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: Out of the 79 specimens 43 samples were BPH and 36 samples were adenocarcinoma.40 samples with diagnosis BPH were observed of the marker HMWCK and 3 samples were negative. Out of 36 samples with diagnosis adenocarcinoma, 35 over expression marker of the HMWCK were negative but one samples was positive. The over specimens malignancy were in higher Gleason score. There was significant relationships between type samples (BPH and adenocarcinoma) with over expression of the marker HMWCK p<0.001.Conclusion: Our study to showed that usage of the marker HMWCK could be differentiated to increase diagnosis BPH tissue from cancer, therefore utilize of the marker HMWCK for prognosis prostate disease could be aided and benefit.

Background: The aim of this research was to study the effects of eight weeks aquatic gymnastics training on the intensity of low back pain in primiparous women.Materials and Methods: This cohort study was carried out sampling primiparous women (n=62, age range: 28-35 year) in the second trimester of pregnancy who were purposefully selected and divided into two control (n=30) and experimental (n=32) groups. The experimental group performed an eight- week aquatic gymnastics training both in water and land in the presence of the researcher, with the collaboration of aquatic gymnastics experts and under the supervision of a medical specialist at specialty hospital of Sarem (Tehran-Iran). The Qubeck low back pain standard questionnaire and Burg exercise intensity measurement scale were utilized to compare the results between the pre-/ post-test. The paired t-test and covariance were used for analysis by SPSS 19.Results: The results revealed that an eight- week aquatic gymnastics training significantly relieved the low back pain and promoted the general health of the primiparous women during the second trimester of pregnancy (p=0.001). The back pain intensity was increased in control group (p=0.023).Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study, as aquatic gymnastics training can eliminate the low back pain and promote the general health among the pregnants, it can be suggested as a non-aggressive method.

Target: Head lice infestation is worldwide and considered as an important health issue not only in deprived societies but also in developed countries societies as well. The object of this project is to investigate head lice prevalence in primary schools in Sabzevar, Iran.Research Methods: This study was of type descriptive and in form of sectional studies in 2015-2016. The target population was entity of primary school students and sample was 1200 people population. Sampling was simple-random kind and checklist was used for data collection. Then Data were analyzed by SPSS V 19 software, according to Chi-Square test description.Findings: The number of studied students was 1200, 30.9% boys and 69.1% girls. The highest prevalence of head lice infestations was in cases where their fathers were free (81.5%), and their literacy level (65.66%). The highest prevalence of infection (85.61%) was observed in head lice in those whose mother's job and in their students whose level of education were elementary (63.04%). There was no correlation between the type of residential home and contamination of the research samples (p=0.71). There was no relation between the students' bases (p=0.32) and the existence of a health educator (p=0.9) and father's occupation with head lice infection (p=0.54). There was a significant correlation between the sexes of the research and occupation of the mother with the infection of the head lice (p=0.001).Result: Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is still a crucial health issue worldwide. It is recommendable that proper information is provided to primary schools teachers so that appropriate utilization of their capabilities in students’ instruction, screening & treatment (therapy) is made possible.

Background: A few studies has been carried out regarding the effect of air pollution on the sperm quality. All of these studies indicated the remarkable effect of air pollution on the men’s fertility abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate air pollution effects on sperm quality in the industrial zone of Asaluyeh.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 152 men that were recruited randomly through pollution (Asaluyeh) and control (Kangan) areas. Semen analysis was done for measure sperm quality. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: There was a significant difference in air pollutant mean between Asaluyeh and Kangan. In Asaluyeh, the mean levels of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were higher than Kangan. Moreover, the results showed significant differences in men’s sperm parameters between two areas. Men living in Asaluyeh had lower sperm concentration (p=0.01), total motility (p=0.03), progressive motility (p=0.03) and vitality (p=0.004) in compare with Kangan.Conclusion: This study showed air pollution can be one of the factors contributing to the decrease of sperm quality in Asaluyeh zone.

Introduction: Portulaca oleracea is one of the most utilized herbs in the world. According to some antibacterial effect of plants extracts, it seems that these extracts can be used in the bacterial infection treatments. In order to assessment of antibacterial effect of the Portulaca oleracea extract, we determined minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the Portulaca oleracea extract on the pathogenic bacterial species that antibiotic resistant pattern was determined in these species.Methods Hydro-Alcoholic extract of the Portulaca oleracea was harvested. Bacterial species including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, A. baumannii, E. coli and K. pneumonia was collected from the Iran Pasteur Institute. Antibiogram was determined by disk diffusion method and then MIC and MBC of Hydro-Alcoholic extract of the Portulaca oleracea was determined. Results Highest MIC concentration was observed in P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, E. coli and K. pneumonia. While highest MBC concentration related to L. monocytogenes.Conclusion Herbal antibacterial extracts can be useful in human infection control. In order to this goal, in this study antibacterial effects of Portulaca oleracea extract determined against six important pathogens. According to our results hydro-alcoholic extract of Portulaca oleracea shows antibacterial effect on human pathogens including E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes.

Introduction: Nausea is a common complication of general anesthesia and its control with non-pharmacological methods is one of the most important goals of nursing. In this regard, evidence-based nursing is one of the methods to increase the quality of care. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of early ambulation according to the evidence-based model on nausea in patients after inguinal hernia surgery.Materials and Methods This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients who underwent inguinal hernia surgery in Shahrood Imam Hossein Hospital. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; case and control. Severity of nausea was measured at 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after surgery and discharge time. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using Fisher's tests, Chi Square Pearson, Chi Square Friedman and Wilcoxon.Results The severity of nausea in the experimental group in the first stage (before the first ambulation) was lower than the control group (3.30 and 3.73). In the second stage (before the second ambulation), the patients in the experimental group had less sever nausea than the control group (03.03 and 53.3). The severity of nausea in the third stage (before the third ambulation) was lower in the experimental group than the control group (2.73 and 3.60). In the fourth stage (before the fourth ambulation), the patients in the experimental group had less nausea than the control group (2.96 and 3.63). In the fifth stage (before discharge), the severity of nausea in the test group was lower than the control group (03.03 and 3.13).Conclusion Based on the results of study, the early ambulation using evidence-based method is effective in reducing the severity of nausea after inguinal hernia surgery. Considering the cost and fewer complications and ease of implementation of this method, it can be recommended as a care plan on reducing nausea.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating role hardiness in relation early maladaptive schemas with cognitive emotion regulation in women freed from substance use disorder.Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study is all women who are abandoned drug abuse in the central prison of Vakil Abad in Mashhad in 2017. According to Morgan's table, 202 people were randomly selected. For collecting data, Gravinsky's emotional regulation questionnaire (2001), Early Young Shortcomings Schematic Form (SQ-SF) (1988), and the Kobasa Hardness Questionnaire (1979) were used. In the present study for data analyzing structural equation modeling and multi-variable regression were used.Results: The results showed that the research model with hardiness mediation has a suitable fit. Also, there is a relationship between maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, distrust, social isolation, sacrifice, and stubborn and large secretarial criteria with positive emotional cognitive regulation. There was a significant negative correlation between maladaptive schemas of shame and vulnerability to harm and disease with positive emotional cognitive regulation (p=0.000).Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that the hardness is a mediatorial role in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and cognitive emotion regulation in women who are abandoned by substance abuse disorder and used as a model in the design and drug abuse prevention programs.

Background & aim: Chronic kidney disease as an important risk factor associated with some disorders including hypertension and heart failure which is the major cause of death and disability in older people. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two types aerobic exercise on levels of apelin and its receptor in the old rats heart tissue with chronic kidney disease.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 aged male wistar rats) 48 to 50 weeks) were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-30 min training and doxorubicin-60 min training. Chronic kidney disease induced by a single subcutaneous injection of doxorubicin (8.5 mg kg). The swimming training program includes three times per week, 30 and 60 min for eight weeks. The levels of apelin and its receptor in heart tissue measured by using ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data) p<0.05).Results: The results showed induction of chronic kidney disease in old rats reduces the levels of apelin and its receptor in the heart. As well as eight weeks of swimming, in both training significantly reverse these changes. In addition, no significant difference was seen between the impact of each of these two training different times in old rats with chronic kidney disease.Conclusion: The results of work suggests that the use of non-pharmacological methods even short-term exercise can be effective in increasing the levels of apelin and its receptor declined due to chronic kidney disease in older people.

Background: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) recognized as heterogeneous disorders arising from presynaptic, synaptic, or postsynaptic defects. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to defects in synaptic activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) is caused by recessive mutations in the COLQ gene. Ideal method for molecular diagnosis of this disease is direct analysis of the gene mutations, which is expensive and time consuming. Therefore, alternative methods such as linkage analysis using polymorphic markers including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is suggested.Materials and Methods: In this study, using bioinformatic analysis, rs2278961 marker located on 3' UTR of COLQ gene was selected which contains two alleles G and A. rs2278961 marker was genotyped in the Isfahan population by ARMS PCR technique, using specific primers. Degree of heterozygosity and allelic frequencies were calculated by Genepop software. Finally, the amount of polymorphism information content (PIC) was computed by PIC Calculator software.Results According to the results of Genepop and PIC Calculator, the frequency of recessive allele A (MAF), the degree of heterozygosity and the PIC were estimated 0.539, 0.61842105 and 0.3735, respectively.Conclusion Since the MAF>0.2 and PIC close to 0.375 are the criteria for an efficient marker, rs2278961 having mentioned conditions, therefore it could be suggested as an appropriate markers for diagnosis of CMS disease in Iranian population.

Background: By skin to skin contact in the first hours after birth, the mother and the baby is ready to establish a harmonized model for bilateral interaction. Few studies have been done about the impact of Kangaroo contact in term infants on maternal behavior after birth. The aim of this study was to compare of mother and newborns abdominal skin to skin and Kangaroo skin contact on mother's attachment behaviors.Methods This single-blind clinical trial was accomplished on 68 qualified pregnant women in Torbat Heydariyeh in 1394. Women were randomly divided into two groups. Immediately after birth, in the experimental grou, Kangaroo skin contact (with eye contact and stroking the baby for 5-10 minutes) and in the control group, abdominal skin contact was done. The attachment behaviors were been recorded at the first hour of visit of mother and infant for 15 minutes using behavioral check list. Every minute divided into two 30 second that researcher observed the behaviors of mother in the first 30 second and recorded behaviors in 30 second during 15 minutes. By check list behavioral tool three emotional, proximity and caring behaviors were recorded. After encoding the data, it was analyzed by SPSS 14, Mann-Whitney tests, t, chi-square and Kruskalwallis (p>0.05).Results Among emotional, proximity and caring behaviors for one hour after delivery in both groups, only proximity behaviors were significantly different (p=0.049). Two groups had no significant difference in mothers attachment behaviors in the first hours after delivery (p=0.134).Conclusion The effect of Kangaroo skin contact on maternal attachment behaviors was similar to abdominal skin contact and in the comparison of abdominal skin contact had positive effects on proximity behavior.

Background: Quinoa (Quino Chenopodium. Willd) is attended due to its high nutritional value recently. Nutrients of Quinoa including amino acids, antioxidant compounds, essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins led to research on the characteristics of this plant, while few studies have been done in Iran on characteristics of Quinoa.Materials and Methods To assess the nutraceutical potential of quinoa, the antioxidant capacity of quinoa leaves and seeds was investigated. The antioxidant activity against DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals is highly depends on the phenolic content of samples. In this research, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the ingredients of seed and leaf extracts were separated and identified. In addition, its antioxidant properties were measured by the evaluation of DPPH free radical scavenging and were used to measure the content of phenolic compounds by Follin-Ciocalteu method.Results Total phenol content in the seeds and leaves extract of quinoa, 54.4 and 76.3 (mg gallic acid per gram of extract) respectively and flavonoids in extracts of quinoa seeds and leaves 26.3 and 36.7 (mg quercetin per gram of extract) respectively were obtained. Analysis of variance showed that the concentration of synthetic antioxidant has significant effect on DPPH free radical scavenging (p<0.05).Conclusion The results of ingredients identification revealed that Quinoa leaf extract contains a higher percentage of phenolic compounds (40.3 mg Gallic acid per gram of extract) and thus has higher antioxidant properties than the seeds of this plant.

Background and purpose: Nowadays, quality of life is increasingly considering due to the rapid increase in the population of elderly. The importance of health promoting behaviors becomes significantly more highlighted because of maintaining individual functional independence and improving their quality of life. Then, we aimed to investigate the relation of different aspects of lifestyle and elderly quality of life.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done in 350 elderly residents in elderly care facilities in Isfahan participated. Data were collected using 2 questionnaires included lifestyle and quality of life (SF36). To analyze, SPSS version 20 and descriptive and Pearson correlation were used.Results: The mean age of the elderly was 71.93 ± 13.87. In total, 70.6% of samples were women who were not able to literate (45.4%). According to Pearson correlation, there was a significant relation between different aspects of lifestyle and elderly quality of life (p<0.05). Aforementioned test also reported that different aspects of quality of life had meaningful relation with each other (p<0.001).Conclusion: According to our findings, healthy lifestyle has notably impacts on improving elderly quality of life. Therefore, it is recommended that health policy makers develop plans to promote elderly lifestyle resident in care facilities. It is hoped that our study support this at risk population toward improving the health status and quality of life.

Background: Chin position and morphology have impact on facial esthetics. Genioplasty (Osteotomy) and alloplastic chin augmentation which are corrective chin surgeries have their own advantages and disadvantages. There are some controversies regarding the most suitable surgical option. Because of lacking such study in Iran and to determine indications for them, we tend to design our study.Materials and Methods In our interventional study on 30 patients (Female: 18, Male: 12) which are randomly categorized in two group, we perform either of the surgeries: Patients with cleft of the lip and palate. Developmental syndromes and cases of severe retrogenia were excluded from our study. Our patients were evaluated at first week, third month and sixth month in post operative period in term of neurosensory deficiet, morbidity, infection and satisfaction. The data were analyzed with Fisher exact test and Mann Witney test.Results The mean age for osteotomy and alloplastic method were 25.37 and 31.67 respectively. Morbidity, satisfaction and infection rate for either groups were 33.3%-80%-0 (for osteotomy) and 13.3%-86%-6.6% (for alloplastic method).Conclusion The risk for development of mental nerve paresthesia and infection in alloplastic method was lower and higher (respectively) in regard to osteotomy. Alloplastic chin augmentation is recommended for mild microgenia. Osteotomy is standard of the care for patients with severe and functional chin deficiencies.

Introduction: Considering the great importance of the workforce’s wellbeing as well as the employment of a large number of workers in the cement industries in Iran, the current study was carried out in the aim of evaluation of the respirable dust concentrations in the workers breathing zone in a cement factory in Khorasan Razavi province.Materials and Methods In this study, respirable particle concentration was evaluated in the breathing zone of 70 workers in a cement factory who were working at different work sites in the cement factory processes. The standard methodology of 0600 recommended by the US NIOSH was followed to determine respirable dust concentration using a personal sampling pump, aluminum cyclone and PVC filter.Results The average respirable dust concentration was 3.9 mg/m3 for all workers. That means 77% of workers were exposed to respirable cement particles higher. The maximum mean concentration of respirable particles in the workers breathing zone was found in the cement grinding site 9.3 mg/m3 and the minimum one was measured in the stone crushing and mining site 1.8 mg/m3.Conclusion The average concentration of respirable dust in the workers’ breathing zone was higher than OEL in both warm and cold climates. The warm weather and the wind comes from the desert and dry areas contribute to the increase of the concentration of respirable particles in the breathing zone of the workers in various parts of the plant who are exposed to the naturally ventilated air.

Background and Objectives: Eating disorder is one of the common psychiatric disorders that is associated with severe psychiatric illnesses. These types of disorders can cause problems in physical and psychological well-being. Eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder are severe disorders that have a higher mortality rate than other psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorders and their correlation with psychopathology syndrome.Methods This research is a causal-comparative study. The population of the study consisted of high school students in district 5, Tehran, which was selected by stratified random sampling method and based on the sample size of Cochran samples.400 individuals were selected as samples in 1395. The data collection tool was Yale-Brown Practical Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (BMD) for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (YBOCS-BDD), Eat-Inventory Questionnaire (EAT-26), and Short-Term Short Term Syndrome Questionnaire (BSI). Data analysis was done at descriptive and inferential levels (Pearson correlation, t-test and regression) using SPSS-22 software.Results 67.6% of participating girls and 0.55% of participating boys had pathological disorders of eating disorder. In addition, 0.70% of the girls and 0.37% of the boys had a body dysmorphic disorder. The correlation between eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder was 51% which was significant at the level p<0.01, which indicates that people who have symptoms of eating disorder also score a high score in the body dysmorphic disorder and vice versa. In general, liner regression showed that eating disorder predicts body dysmorphic disorder, and it was found that eating disorder accounts for 54% of the variance of the bodydysmorphic disorder. There was no significant difference between two groups of girls and boys in eating disorder, but in body dysmorphic disorder, this difference was significant (p<0.01).Conclusion Eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder are related to each other. Additionally, there is a correlation between some of the subscales of clinical symptoms with eating disorder and body dysmorohic disorder.

Background: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant endocrine tumor, and the incidence was rising worldwide over the last three decades. TP53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes in the genome, and its mutations are found in approximately 50% of human cancers. It plays pivotal roles in the regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to analyze TP53 gene mutations among thyroid cancer patients in East Azerbaijan.Material and Methods 40 tumor samples have been collected from thyroid cancer patients from Tabriz hospitals between 2007-2009. DNA was extracted by Proteinase K– Iso propanol method and then the mutations in p53 gene from exon 5 to exon 8 were detected by Polymarase Chain Reactions (PCR) and direct sequencing techniques.Results Alterations in the p53 gene were detected in 12.5% of the patients, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations, including codon 216 (GTG>GTA), codon 215 (AGT>ATT) and codon 273 (CGT>CAT) mutations (each mutation in one of the cases) and two linked polymorphisms 14181C>T and 14201T>G (in two cases).Conclusion This result helps us to clarify p53 mutation status among Azerbaijani thyroid cancer patients.

Background: The present study aimed to explore the effect of motor independent and dependent visual perception practices on dynamic visual acuity and depth perceptions among children aged 7-8 years.Material and Methods One hundred and seven primary school students were randomly selected through purposive sampling and divided into two experimental groups (visual perception exercises dependent vs independent to movement) and a control group. Experimental subjects were trained for six weeks and each week constituted three 45-minute sessions suited for their own planned training sessions. Analysis of Variance analysis (ANOVA) for within and between-group and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the depth and dynamic visual acuity perception respectively.Results The results indicated that motor independent and dependent training had improved the components of depth perception and dynamic visual acuity in children aged 7-8 years, but there was no significant difference between these two training methods.Conclusion This conformed movement Pyne & Issac’s hypothesis (2005), which stated that the important issue in the development and adjustment of visual perceptual components is not an individual's movement, but selective attention to moving objects.

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sensory-motor integration on gross motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder.Material and Methods Target population was all male students in grade two of special elementary schools in three regions of Tehran. Among them, 30 students with developmental coordination disorder were recruited using practical tests of MABC and clustering sampling method. To assess the children's gross motor skills, second version of Ulrich’s Gross Motor Test (TGMD-2) was used. After the pre-test assessment, participants were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups (20 participants per each goup). The experimental group performed sensory-motor integration training in 50 sessions (6 days a week, each for 45 minutes), while the control group did their usual activities in their schools. Analysis of covariance was used in order to analyze the data.Results The results indicated that sensory-motor integration program had a significant effcet (P<0.05) on improving manipulative and displacement skills in experimental group in comparison to the subject in control group; however, there was no significant effect on hopping, sliding, striking, dribbling, rolling the ball and kicking between the study groups (p>0.05).Conclusion The exercise program used in the currect study could be appropriate motor experiences for children with DCD, so it is recommended to be used at schools to improve students’ gross motor skills.

Introduction: With significant penetration of information technology and the emergence of new training methods such as e-learning (E-learning) and the benefits that e-learning for university students. Also, to keep pace with developments in education And the transition from traditional learning to e-learning, This study investigates one of the necessary infrastructure The preparation of students for successful implementation of e-learning system in Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, With the hope that by examining the infrastructure and prerequisites Step by step we can take a step toward electronic and keeping pace with new developments.Methods The study was cross-sectional survey on 218 students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences 2014 were enrolled in the first semester, was performed Sampling was stratified random sampling. Readiness for e-learning was assessed using a standard questionnair, and the method of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential statistics (one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, T-test) was used for data analysis.Results The results showed that the students and their learning readiness There is a Pnificant difference (P=0) - Using the Tukey test - The students of nursing and medical emergency and ready to learn there is no Pnificant difference (P=1). As well as between schools and their readiness to participate in e-learning, according to the P=0.000 (P less than 0.05) obtained Test ANOVA, There is a Pnificant relationship. PHD Students are greater (mean=102.019), followed by MS students (mean 97) more prepared. But between gender and prepare students with the P=0.065 (Followed by more than 0.05) using t. There is no Pnificant relationship. By providing infrastructure and training courses and stresses the importance of learning in order to promote preparedness Email today it can be taken.Conclusion Analysis of the results showed that students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences from the lack of readiness to participate in e-learning. Therefore it is recommended to provide the required infrastructure and training courses and stresses the importance of electronic learning at the present time it can be taken to improve preparedness.

Background: Bruce and Cooper tests are used to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. However, the response of the indicators of muscle cell damage (Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase), cardiac (Creatine kinase-MB), and liver (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase) have not been compared following Bruce and Cooper tests.Materials and Methods For this purpose, 18 sedentary male students (age: 20.88±2.27 years, body mass index: 22.67±1.36 kg/m2), performed Bruce and Cooper protocols in two separate periods (one month interval). Blood sampling was taken before, immediately, 24 and 48 hours after each test. Serum concentrations of dependent variables were determined by commercial kits. Repeated measure and covariance analysis has been used to evaluated statistical difference in inter and intra group at p<0.05, respectively.Results Intra-group assessments revealed no significant change in serum levels of CK, LDH, CK-MB, AST, ALT and ALP immediately, 24 and 48 hours after Bruce and Cooper tests. Also, inter-group assessments showed no significant difference between the levels of dependent variables in no time after two types of Bruce and Cooper test.Conclusion The findings of present study showed no damage to muscle, heart, and liver cells following Bruce and Cooper tests as two determined test of maximum oxygen consumption.

Background: Neurotrophin-3 is among the biomarkers studied in MS. Regarding the fact that exercise training has been proposed as an effective non-drug way of treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the present study aims at investigating the effect of eight weeks’ aquatic exercise and resistance training programs on the plasmatic levels and gene expression of neurotrophin-3 in Multiple Sclerosis patients.Materials and Methods To the aims of the present study, 30 women with MS were randomly selected and assigned to three groups: the control group, resistance training group, and aquatic exercise group. Resistance training and aquatic exercise programs were used for eight weeks. The control group did not receive any training. After separating plasma and PBMN cells, plasmatic levels and the expression of neurotrophin-3 gene were measured via ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. In order to compare the means, plasmatic levels and the gene expression of neurotrophin-3 of the three groups were analyzed by the ANCOVA test at the significance level of p£0.05 through SPSS 18.Results The results showed a significant increase in plasma levels neurotrophin-3 of the three groups (p=0.001). The Scheffe post hoc test was significant in two by two comparisons of the aquatic group and resistance training group with the control group (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). However, the difference between the aquatic and resistance groups was not significant (p=0.329). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the gene expression of neurotrophin-3 of the three groups (p=0.001). Based on the Scheffe test, the mean differences between the aquatic and resistance groups, and the control group were p=0.053, p=0.001, respectively. However, non-significant differences in the gene expression of neurotrophin-3 were shown between the aquatic group and the resistance group (p=0.08).Conclusion The findings of the present study indicated that both the resistance training and the aquatic exercise can increase plasmatic levels and the gene expression of neurotrophin-3 in PBMN cells in the women with MS..