IRANIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2017 | Volume:14 | Issue:63|Papers Count:21

In this research, stevia and inulin was used as sugar and fat replacer in dietetic ice cream formulation, respectively. Ice cream formulation with stevia (0-100%) and inulin (0-85%) was optimized using Response Surface Methodology. Dependent variables included specific gravity (SG), viscosity, overrun, first drop and melting. The results showed that SG had converse relation with replacing stevia and positive correlation with replacing inulin. Viscosity was decreased by increasing substitution of stevia up to 100%, while increasing replacement of sucrose with stevia led to increase overrun. All levels of substitution of stevia and inulin led to significant increase of hardness. The lowest melting rate was observed in sample containing 100% stevia and sample containing 0% inulin. Optimum content of stevia and inulin was determined 42% and 62.9% respectively, in Dietetic ice cream. In sensory evaluation there was no significant difference in total acceptance between diet and control sample that contained 15% sugar and 10% fat (P>0.05) but dietetic ice cream had lower score for intensity of crystalline and coldness. The calorie of diet ice cream was 28% lower than control sample.

This study was designed to investigate spoligae indicators of consolidated burger (silver carp- red meat) during refrigerated storage (4 ºC) in 2014. Burger treatments were divided into 5 groups with 3 frequency (1: 75% fish meat+ 0% red meat; 2: 0% fish meat+ 75% red meat; 3: 56.25% fish meat+ 18.75% red meat; 4: 18.75% fish meat+ 56.25% red meat; 5: 37.50 fish meat+ 37.5% red meat). Results showed that the TVB-N and PV levels did not exceed acceptability limit (30-35 mg/100g and 10-20 meq/ kg) for all groups. FFA value for the group 1 significantly increased from 1.45 to 5.16% whereas it slightly intreatment groups as the storage time increased. In all treatments, the level of pscychrophiles and mesophiles bacteria increased with an increase in storage time but not exceed the limit during storage period for all groups until 9th day (107 Log cfu/ g). Results indicate that TBA level in all of treatments was at the acceptance limit of quality until 9th day (3-4 mg malonaldehyde/ kg). Sensorial results showed the scores increase was directly related to treatments of meat. The treatment of 2 had the best of shelf life (12 days) and the highest score (6) during 15 days.

Using nutritionally valuable products is important as people taste is going toward varies foods. The use of pumpkin can provide nutritionally qualified and valuable product, diversity of products and higher customer choice because it contains helpful and therapeutic compounds. In the current research, different levels of modified starch (0.2, 0.15, 0.1 percentage) and micro-crystalline cellulose (1.5, 1, 0.5 percentage) were used in the production of fruit butter for improving the consistency and the texture properties including hardness, toughness, gummy, cohesiveness, chewiness, …. and color attributes including three factors of L, a and b were evaluated. The results showed that the cohesiveness, gummy and hardness decreased with increasing the micro-crystalline cellulose. Furthermore, with increasing the modified starch increased the hardness, toughness, cohesiveness, chewiness, L and b parameters, but it had no effect on gummy, significantly. The pumpkin can be used as a natural and also enrichment combination in the process of the productions such as fruit butter due to its functional properties.

There is a global interest to study lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of artisanal fermented products like yoghurt for improving or replacing current strains used in commercial starter cultures. In this work, five traditional yoghurt samples were collected from different areas of Khorasan-e-Razavi. Grouping and identification of isolates were carried out on the basis of physiological and biochemical tests (nonmolecular), as well as ARDRA technique and sequencing (molecular methods). Totally, 71 isolates including 33 Streptococcus thermophilus, 30 Lactobacillus delbrueckii (subsp. Bulgaricus and lactis), were identified as dominant strains in all yoghurt samples. Also 8 other isolates belonging to Lactobacillus helveticus, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria were observed. Results of this research show the diversity of LAB population in collected samples.

Regarding to the necessity of vegetable consumption, it is necessary to examine the extent to which the nutrient content of vegetables changes during different processes. In this study the effect of various procedures; washing, blanching and six-month storage was evaluated on total phenolic, vitamin C, ash and mineral content and antioxidant activity. Two methods using boiled water or steam for blanching and domestic and semi-industrial for freezing were applied. The results showed that washing did not have any significant effect on vitamin C and total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and firmness in pepper while blanching caused a considerable reduction in these parameters as vitamin C reduced from 1498.6 in fresh pepper to 1025.4 in the samples blanched by boiled water and 392.2 mg/ 100 g db in pepper blanched by steam. Antioxidant activity also reduced from 70.5% in fresh pepper to 58.6% and 57.1% in the samples blanched by boiled water and steam, respectively. The findings revealed that washing and the type of freezing did not have any significant effect on amount of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and stiffness whereas blanching showed a significant effect.

Import of 2000 tons of butter that meets parts of domestic need equals over100 million dollar per year. Also we can produce butter flavouring in the product using encubation of di-acetyl mesophillic starter and yoghurt thermophillic starter in skim milk (water phase). The sample that is produced with mesophillic starter had a better aroma in %5 level than imported lactic butter and has little tangible difference with it in terms of texture, taste and other organoleptic properties. All organoleptic properties were range from good to very good and the texture, spreadability and consistency were very good in %5 level. Experimental production of this product in the way just described has been successfully done with slight changes in application of machinary in Minoodasht Cheese Plant (in Golestan Province) as mentioned, margarine emulsion of butter could be properly produced, solidified, kneaded and packaged domestically using suitable layout of some three jacketed tank, a vigorous agitator, a circulation pump, a continuous ice-cream maker and a butter wrapping (packaging) machine, in other dairy plants.

Today, nutritious drinks enriched by probiotics find many importance and this importance is due to these bacterial role in prevention more multitude of infectious diseases. Synbiotic products are products that have probiotic and prebiotic components. the aim of the research was study of industrial new juice production as synbiotic sour cherry juice and apple juice that inoculated with lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and inulin added as prebiotic. Physiochemical properties of produced juice under controlled conditions of preservation times 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 day after production including pH, Brix, Formalin index and Rheological properties were measured. Experimental results revealed that inulin addition motivate starter metabolic activity and cause increasing acidity and reducing pH. Brix of samples that have longer preservation time, reduces from 12.25 reduce to 12.15, and samples that prepared first day, had increased brix. Formalin index don't reduce meaningfully by considering encapsulation. Apple juice have minimum viscosity but sourcherry juice have high viscosity that depend on it's formulation and fruit component type. Totally, these results colud be planned for introducing synbiotic juice as new product with society culturing for it's consumption time like dairy family by considering industrial and economical view. We determined maximum expiration time one month by refer to physicochemical analysis. Also, samples that contain encapsulated micro-organisms have best expiration time toward others, and this time reduces in acidic fruits that physicochemical analysis of juice changes significantly from 21 th day later.

Peanut (Arachishypogaea), is one of the most valuable oil plant which is used a lot around the world. Storage under unfavorable conditions, leads to weight change due to moisture absorption, occurring oxidative reactions, moulding, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillusflavus which result in texture deterioration and quality loss. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Launaeaacanthodes gum as an edible coating on self-Life of peanut (to prevent it from water absorption, weight change, oxidative reactions, and mould activity). For this purpose, firstly, the gum was extracted, purified, and dried. Then the solutions were prepared in concentrations of 0.5% and 1% V/W and coated on peanuts. The results showed that Launaeaacanthodes gum at 1% concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on reduction rate of oxidation and moisture absorption. However, it had no significant effect (p<0.05) on inhibition the growth of the Aspergillus.

White cheese is one of the popular and well-known cheese varieties in the Middle East. In Iran, this type of cheese in the form of ultrafiltrated, has also considerable consumption as a major constituent of breakfast. Regarded to increasing public awareness of the fat consumption, demands for low fat products such as low-fat cheeses have been increased. Physicochemical, sensorial and color properties of ultrafiltrated low-fat Iranian white cheeses containing Persian gum (0, 0.1 and 0.2%) and almond tree gum (0, 0.1 and 0.2%), in three levels of fat (3, 6.5, 10%) optimized by Response Surface Methodology. Effect of fat reduction and use of both hydrocolloids were evaluated by response surface charts and the most desirable sample of low-fat cheese resemble to full fat control cheese (containing 16% fat) was determined. According to the optimized results and obtained model, the ultrafiltrated low-fat Iranian white cheese with formulation of 0.20% Persian gum, 0.14% almond tree gum and 10% fat with desirable physicochemical, textural, sensory and color properties can be produced. Results showed that by utilization of the native hydrocolloids as fat replacers in low fat cheese formulation, the disadvantages of fat reduction in the product can be improved.

Frankincense is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from Boswellia trees. In this study, Boswellia serrate essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus, then segregation and recognition of components was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The follin-ciocalteu method was used for estimating total phenol content and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by several methods including, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and rancimat test in different concentrations (100-1000 ppm). Components identification revealed that α-pinene (29.8%), a-thujene (5.92%), b-Pinen (3.41%) and pcymene (3.16%) had the highest percentage in the essential oil, and the total phenolic content was 94.88 mg GAE equivalents/100g of essential oil. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was dosedependent in all tests and the highest inhibition of DPPH radicals, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity was detected at a concentration of 1000 ppm, which were 22.23%, 0.65 and 1.18, respectively. In rancimat test, the highest oxidative stability of the oil was also recorded for concentration of 1000 ppm of the essential oil. Results of the present study demonstrated that Boswellia serrata essential oil could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants for oil and oil-containing foods.

Acrylamide is a chemical compound that is produced in starchy foods such as biscuits at temperature higher than 120oC and there is concern about its carcinogenic properties. Since biscuit is one of the most consumed floury products, the objective of this research is assay the effect of invert sugar replacement in four levels (0, 25, 75 and 100) on acrylamide content, reducing sugar, pH, acidity content and moisture. Data were analyzed in a factorial design using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple-range test at P<0.05. The use of invert sugar syrup instead of sucrose solution in Petit Beurre and Madar biscuits increased the content of moisture, acidity and reducing sugar but decreased pH. The replacement of sucrose solution by 100% invert sugar increased the content of acrylamide in Petit Beurre and Madar biscuit samples 99.4 and 103.9 ppb, respectively. The difference of acrylamide contents of biscuits in similar percentage replacement of invert sugar was considerable.

One of the most interesting methods to develop novel rheological and textural properties in food formulation is the application of hydrocolloid blends. In this study, properties of tragacanth gum blends with qodoume shirazi, farsi and locust bean gums were evaluated. By this purpose initially the rheological behavior of tragacanth, qodoume shirazi, farsi and locust bean gums were evaluated individually at 0.2% total gum concentration. Further, the rheological behavior of tragacanth gum blend with the mentioned gums in ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20 were investigated between 1.32 and 165 s-1 shear rates. Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models were used to described their rheological behavior. These results showed that all solutions had pseudo plastic behavior. Among the individual gum solutions, qodoume shirazi showed by itself yield stress. The consistency coefficient of tragacanth gum was considerably higher than other gums. The apparent viscosities of blend solutions of tragacanth- locust bean gums and tragacanth-farsi gums in the ratio of 20:80 were higher than individual gums, which revealed the existence of synergism between these groups of gums. Since, farsi, qodoume shirazi and locust bean gums are cheaper than tragacanth gum; it is possible to have cheaper formulation by using them instead oftragacanth gum.

In recent decades, the demand of consumption for probiotics or functional foods has increased and several attempts to use them in fermented meat products. The study aims to produce the probiotic fermented sausages by using the probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (with the initial inoculation of 107 cfu / gr) as a functional food and to study their chemical, microbial and organoleptic properties. The results of chemical tests showed that the probiotic samples have the highest amount of protein content and lowest amount of moisture content compared to the control. The results of the overall count of probiotic bacteria in the desired times showed that in the samples containing probiotic bacteria, there are 106-107 of living bacterial cells per gram of final product. The microbial test results of non-lactic bacteria count showed that the treatment containing Lactobacillus plantarum 299V had the highest amount of mentioned bacteria and the control had the lowest amount. In the final products of all samples, no trace of the presence of pathogenic bacteria was observed. The results of the organoleptic property evaluation showed that in most cases, the probiotic fermented sausage samples had higher scores than controls.

Moisture loss and oil uptake are closely related during the process of deep-fat frying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasound waves with combined frequencies on moisture loss kinetics during frying of potato strips as well as modeling the moisture loss. Ultrasound pretreatment was performed at 28 and 40 kHz for 30 minutes with separate and combined frequencies. Then, the frying process was done at 150, 170 and 190oC for 90, 180, 270 and 360 seconds. To model moisture loss, Fick’s second law was used. Effective moisture diffusion coefficient obtained from experimental data was between 1.823×10-8 - 4.377×10-8 m2/s. The average correlation coefficient between the experimental data and the data obtained from the Fick’s law was 0.96. The use of ultrasonic pretreatment with separate and combined frequencies increased the effective moisture diffusion coefficient. This increase was significant in some samples while it was insignificant in others. Empirical models were used to study the moisture loss kinetics during frying. In addition, effect of temperature on the effective moisture diffusion coefficient was calculated through the Arrhenius equation.

Application of combined technology can reduce the disadvantages of each other as compare to their individual process. Osmotic process along with hot air drying and freezing were applied on red beet pieces in this investigation. red beet divided to slices as well as cubes pieces before treatment with citric and ascorbic acids in two levels of 0.1 and 0.3 percent. red beet slices were semi dried in cabinet drier for period of 75 minutes and cubes for 115 minutes and then were placed into polyethylene bags for prior to freezing process in freezer with -25oC. Different physicochemical characteristics such as acidity, water activity, image processing and texture were evaluated after 2 hour and 30 days. Statistical analysis of data with completely randomized design and SPSS software version 20 during one month preservation showed that cubes pieces of red beet in 0.3 percent of acid solution along with osmotic dehydration has the best and comparable texture, color and quality characteristics as compared to the fresh red beet.

Tannins are plant natural products with a high molecular weight and can form a complex with the protein and carbohydrates. This plant important material have properties such as anti-microbial and proteins precipitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of industrial mass production of tannins from pistachio hull. Two extraction methods, i.e. shaker and ultrasonic Extraction and four solvents (acetone 70%, ethanol 50%, methanol 50% and water) were performed in two species kalleghuchi (P. vera cv. Kallehghuchi) and Ohadi (P.vera cv. Ohadi). The results showed that the highest and the lowest insoluble tannin was measured 13.18 and 11.99 mg/g DW respectively related to maceration method in the ohadi, Acetone and methanol. But the highest and the lowest soluble tannin was measured 55.32 and 34.46 mg/g DW respectively related to maceration method in the ohadi, ethanol and kalleghuchi, water. Anthocyanin in Pistachio hull kalleghuchi and ohadi was measured 9.09 and 10.71 mmol/g DW and Pistachio nute kalleghuchi and ohadi 4.12 and 4.19 mmol/g DW. The results suggest the application of pistachio green hull as a cheap and easily accessible source for production of natural bioactive compounds.

Heating at high temperatures creates a large change in the chemical properties of oils. Due to effects of oils on health, further research is necessary to choose the best type and quality of oils. Extra virgin olive oil is considered one of the best due to the beneficial effects of dietary oils. The aim of this study was to compare the thermal stability of Iranian and foreign extra virgin olive oil. Eight samples of olive oil were tested in this study. Oils were heated at 120oC for 4 h to evaluate the thermal stability, were sampled every 2 hours. Fatty acid composition, Acid value, Peroxide value, Anisidine value, Totox value, Rancimat oxidative stability test, was conducted in accordance with Iranian national standards. Results showed that oleic acid, the major fatty acid in olive oil, was between 69 to 74 percent. There was a significant relationship between time and acid value (P=0.013), peroxide value (P≤0.001), anisidine value (P≤0.001), totox value (P≤0.001). There was not observed any significant relationship between changes in oil and acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, but with totox value (P=0.003) a significant relationship was observed. Interpretation of the data suggests that the thermal process changes the index of acidity, peroxide, anisidine and totox. The changes will further increase with time. According to the obtained results, foreign extra virgin olive oils are better and are more resistant to heat than Iranian ones.