IRANIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:16 | Issue:91 |Papers Count:35

The positive effect of dietary fiber on human health has been proven totaly. Since, the rate of consumption of food product containing dietary fiber is increasing dramatically. Incorporation of fiber sources (i. e. wheat bran) is one of the appropriate solutions to enhancement of nutritional and technological properties. Using bran Along with desirable nutritional qualities is limited due to technological problems in food formulation and futher prosseing is required. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two different technique containing Fermentaion & Extrusion on wheat bran behavior and compare their effects with commertial sample (orange fiber) in different levels 0. 5, 0. 7 and 1% on physicochemical properties of beverage during shelf life (20 days). The results showed that adding different levels of fiber supplements and storage time led to a significant increase (P≤ 0. 05) in specific turbidity, ash, brix and reducing sugar content and total sugar content, as well as brightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and redness (a*). The maximum increasing rate of solouble fraction was reported in fermented sample 5. 62 and extruded one 4. 89 relatively. The maximum decreasing rate of particle size was shown in extruded bran (1. 71 μ m). Which was in particle size range of commercial sample (1. 05 μ m). The maximum level of iron was shown in fermented bran (10. 07 mg/kg). The organoleptic properties of beverage treatmentsalso showed that, the maximum score for total acceptance was belong to samples containing 5% fermented bran. Due to the nutritional composition of extruded wheat bran and High efficiency of semi-industrial production in comparison to fermented treatments, its application in order to production of novel functional beverage is recomended.

In this study, Antibacterial activity of garlic essential oil used by disk diffusion method, micro-dilution broth (minimum inhibitory concentration)and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) on a number of pathogenic strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus) was studied in vitro. Chemical compounds of garlic essential oil were identified by gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid were determined using radical reduction capacity, Folin– Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride colorimetric, respectively. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of garlic essential oil was 128, 128, 32 and 64 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocuarespectively. By increasing the concentration of essential oil, the diameter of the inhibition zone increased. The highest inhibition zone with 31. 70 ± 0. 55 mmm diameter was due to Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that gram-negative bacteria of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most resistant to garlic essential oil. The results of identificationof the chemical compounds of garlic essential oil showed that the combination of di-allyl disulfide was 40. 3% higher. Total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of garlic essential oil was 0. 33 mg gallic acid in gram, 0. 24 mg quercetin in grams and 80% respectively. The results of this study showed that garlic can be used as a potential source for the production of pharmaceutical compounds.

Kefir is a kind of dairy drink with unique and exotic flavor that is traditionally produced from fermented milk with kefir grains included a mix of bacteria and yeasts. The phase separation during storage of kefir results in an unfavorable appearance, which is known as a defect, which can be controlled by making the cross-links between the milk proteins. In this research, the addition of the microbial transglutaminase enzyme (m-TG) to diminish the syneresis and its effect on the aromatic compounds of kefir was investigated during one-month storage at a refrigerated temperature using a solid phase microextraction method combined with a gas chromatography– mass spectrometer. The results showed that the adding of the m-TG to kefir significantly affected the syneresis of kefir and caused reduce in phase separation of kefir during storage. In total, 51 volatile compositions were isolated and identified from kefir samples using SPME-GC/MS. Most of the identified compounds include acids, alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes, respectively. The results indicated that the storage time significantly affected the amount of all volatile compositions, so that some volatile compounds increased, while some volatile compounds decreased during storage. The m-TG had no effect the content of the volatile constituents except for alcohols. The findings of this study revealed that the total amounts of alcoholic and acidic compounds as well as carbon dioxide were increased during storage. On the other hand, total amounts of ketones, aldehydes and esters in kefir decreased during storage. Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that the use of m-TG without significant effect on the properties of aromatic compounds of kefir reduces its syneresis during storage.

Nowadays, the use of pseudocereals flour in food formulations due to its high nutritional value, were increased. And also the absence of gluten protein in these food sources, the diet of patients with gluten intolerance is a good place for pseudocereals. So in this study possibility of replacing rice flour with Amaranth flour (0, 10 and 20%) and adding Mandab native gum (0, 0. 25 and 0. 50%) to gluten-free oily cake formulation was studied and then the quantitative and qualitative properties in a completely randomized factorial arrangement were evaluated (P≤ 0. 05). Based on the results, it was found that by increasing the level of amaranth flour and mandab gum, the moisture content of the final product was increased. Also, the results indicated that the sample containing 20% amaranth flour and 0. 5% mandab gum had the highest specific volume and porosity and lowest amount of firmness during 2 hours and one week after baking. On the other hand, the results indicated a decrease in the L* value by increasing levels of amaranth flour and also, increased the amount of L* value by adding mandab gum. Regarding to b* value it was observed that, with increasing in the level of amaranth flour, the amount of yellowness of the crust of the samples increased. Finally, the panelists introduced the samples containing 20% amaranth flour and 0. 5% mandab gum as the best samples.

The effects of adding powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea on the physicochemical properties of wheat flour dough were evaluated with the farinograph test. The amount of fat, protein, and fiber was more in powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea than wheat flour. Farinograph test results show an increase in water absorption, stability time and Farinograph quality number and a decrease in the The degree of Softening in the dough with increasing replacement of powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea(P< 0. 05). Farinograph quality number with increase in the percentage of powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea to10% was decreased, but 15% powdered leaves of powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea showed highest number Farinograph quality(P< 0. 05). With increasing levels of powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea decreased Degree of Softening in the dough and created significant changes in dough development time(P< 0. 05). Farinograph assessment of dough providedwith powdered leaves of Portulaca Oleracea, dough prepared with 10% leaf powder introduced as the best example in terms of the rheological properties.

Free radicals are a major cause of many diseases, such as cancer, by damage to the cells. The use of probiotic strains in fermented dairy foods has expanded due to the health-promotion effects of the consumer. Regarding antioxidant potentials of probiotic bacteria, the aims of this study were compared the antioxidant activity of probiotic species L. acidophilus LA5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 used in foods and investigate effects of incubation temperature, Initial pH, fermentation time, yeast extract concentration and linoleic acid concentration on their antioxidant activity in enriched cheese whey and milk permeate. The results showed that fermentation time, incubation temperature and concentration of yeast extract were the most important factors that had a significant effect on both DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (p <0. 05). DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity increased with increasing incubation temperature and yeast extract concentration, respectively. Antioxidant activity was observed in the first 24 hours of fermentation process, which was proportional to bacterial growth. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, as a result of the probiotic culture activity and their effect on the substrate, increased and decreased, respectively, in the first 24 hours of fermentation time, by destruction the polymers. This study showed that the fermentation bioprocess by L. acidophilus LA5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 in the cheese whey as a medium had high antioxidant activity.

Jujube is a valuable plant which different parts of it are used at all over the world due to its therapeutic and nutritional properties. In order to preserving its valuable and functional fruits various preserving method have been investigated. The main objective of this study was the extraction of jujube extracts, evaluation of its phenolic contents and production of jujube powdered with an appropriate physicochemical properties. Firstly, the jujube with the aim of maximum amount of extract, extraction efficiency and phenolic content was extracted. Secondly, the extracted jujube extract was dried at three drying temperatures (150, 170 and 190° C) and three ratios of jujube extract to maltodextrin using spray drying method. The resulting powder was evaluated in terms of moisture content, water activity, particle size, color measurement, solubility, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, sensory evaluation and glass transition temperature. The effects of the drying temperatures and the ratios of jujube to maltodextrin on the properties of powder were significant. The drying optimum point with the aim of the least moisture content, water activity, antioxidant capacity and the most solubility, phenolic content, sensorial properties and glass transition temperature was determined. The drying optimum point was 170° C and the ratios of jujube extract to maltodextrin was 0. 91.

In this study, the effect of free and nano-encapsulated unsaponifiable matter (USM) of Tarom rice bran oil by chitosan and Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG) as wall material on oxidative stability of soybean oil was investigated. For this purpose, nano-encapsulation of USM were performed and particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and antioxidant activity before and after nano-encapsulation were measured. The nano-encapsulated sample by LPSG had smaller particle size and higher encapsulation efficiency than that of the nano-encapsulated sample by chitosan, and the antioxidant activity of USM decreased after nano-encapsulation. The effect of free and nano-encapsulated USM and synthetic antioxidant TBHQ on oxidative stability of soybean oil during 20 days storage at 60 ° C were evaluated by peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene (CD), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and color index and also release of phenolic and tocopherol compounds were measured. Our results indicated that free USM had better antioxidant activity compared to nano-encapsulated samples, and nano-encapsulated sample by LPSG showed a gradual release of antioxidant compounds and better performance than the nano-encapsulated sample by chitosan. However, the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ exhibited higher antioxidant activity.

Nowadays, cinnamon essential oil has been considered as an antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for addition to food and biological systems. Directly use of these essential oil for food storage has some limitations due to low solubility in water, high vapor pressure and physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to reduce these limitations is the microencapsulation of essential oils in lipid carriers, including microcapsules. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in microcapsules stabilized with sodium caseinate and β-cyclodextrin and also the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In this study, in order to encapsulation, different formulations of nano emulsions containing cinnamon essential oil were prepared by ultrasound method and the effect of different polymers on droplet size, encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant properties and turbidity of nano emulsion were investigated. The results showed that the interaction of nano emulsions and encapsulated samples was effective on particle size (p <0. 05). The diameters of sodium caseinate with β-cyclodextrin particles size ranged from 234 to 237 nm. Also, the diameter of the β-cyclodextrin particles in the range of 713-717 nm, and the diameter of the essential oil particles size in the range of 84-85 nm. Zeta potential was negative for sodium caseinate with β-cyclodextrin and essential oil. That showed the system had a significant negative charge. The effect of different polymers and essential oil on the encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant properties was significantly different. (P <0. 05). The encapsulation efficiency of all formulations was above 70%. SEM-scanning showedhomogeneous and spherical shapes with pores. FT-IR analysis confirmed the effect of van der waals forces in the formation of microcapsules.

Subcritical water extraction has been considered due to advantages such as high speed, high efficiency and reduced amount of organic solvents used in the traditional way as well as due to its compatibility with the environment. In this study, the essences extraction from fennel seeds was performed by using subcritical water extraction and was compared with hydrodistillation method. Trans-anethole as the main combination has been carried out as a main goal of next experiments. Separating and diagnosis of the extracted trans-anethole were performed by GC-FID and GC / MS. The effect of temperature parameters, Average of particle size and flow intensity was studied on the extraction rate in subcritical water method. Taguchi experimental design was used to facilitate the process of testing and comparing the effective parameters. The ratio of the area of trans-anethole to the obtained internal standard from gas chromatography was calculated as evaluated criteria of parameters and extraction methods of essence from fennel seeds. The results of Analysis of variance showed that the temperature and, Average of particle size have a significant effect on the amount of trans-anethole extraction. The highest ratio of trans-anethole to internal standard was obtained at 175 ° C, an average value of 0. 398 mm, and a flow rate of 3 ml /min. The results of this study showed that the extraction by subcritical water in compare with hydro distillation method is a fast-high-efficiency method for extraction of trans-anethole as a valuable oxygen-containing compound.

The objective of present study was to develop a functional peach juice beverage. To this end, formulation ingredients of the beverage including whey protein concentrate (WPC) (1-5%), stevia (0. 04-0. 08%) as sugar replacer and inulin (4-8%) were optimized according to a central composite design (CCD) using response surface method. The results showed that the brix was profoundly promoted as the level of WPC or inulin increased but it was not affected by stevia. It was observed that while beverages with higher whey protein concentration had greater sedimentation tendency, inulin had a noticeably decreasing effect on it. However, they both significantly resulted in higher turbidity for the beverages. Moreover, stevia showed no significant effect on sedimentation degree and turbidity of the samples. Four optimum formulations including the sample with the least sedimentation (code 1), the sample with the least sedimentation and the most stevia (code 2), the sample with the least sedimentation and the most WPC (code 3) and the sample with the least sedimentation and the most stevia and WPC (code 4) were selected using response surface optimization. The results revealed that all the optimized samples had a shear-thickening behavior, albeit negligible differences were observed between their flow behavior indices. Similarly, the optimized samples did not significantly differ in terms of sensory attributes of flavor, odor and mouth feel; the sample code 2, however, received the highest score for total acceptability. In conclusion, the sample code 2 (WPC 1. 19, Stevia 0. 08 and inulin 7. 34 % w/w) as the sample with the lowest sedimentation degree and the highest organoleptic quality could be introduced as the best sample.

Despite the relative success of different chemical compounds to improve meat tenderness, adverse effects caused by the use of these compounds on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of meat, have led to restrictions on their usage in an industrial scale. Therefore, in order to prevent these undesirable chemical effects, the application of some natural tenderizers has been considered. Natural meat tenderizers, are substances in those fruits and vegetables containing proteolytic enzymes such as cysteine protease, serine protease, metalloprotease and aspartic proteases. In this paper major biochemical changes that have led to meat tenderness, as well as proper plant sources used in tenderizing process have been reviewed.

In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria were used for production of blackberry and celery probiotic beverages in two concentrations of 1 and 2% at ambient temperature and refrigerator. The tests included determination of pH, titratable acidity, counting viability of target microorganisms and sensory evaluation. The results showed that with passing time and growth of target bacteria in blackberry and celery beverages, pH was significantly dropped. The results of counting viability showed that among all samples, blackberry beverage containing 2% of the bacteria stored in the refrigerator after 28 days had the highest viability of microorganisms, which is 8. 25×107 CFU/ml as well as celery beverage containing 2% of probiotic bacteria stored in the refrigerator after 21 days had the highest viability of microorganisms, 4. 02×107 CFU/ml, than the other samples, of which two samples were in these conditions Still called by the name of probiotic beverage. The sensory evaluation also showed that the sensory properties of the BLR1 (Blackberry beverage with 1% bacteria in refrigerator), BLR2 (Blackberry beverage with 2% bacteria in refrigerator) and CLR1 (Celery beverage with 2% bacteria in refrigerator) with their evidence samples also scored without significant difference, but in general, samples of celery beverage scored more than blackberry beverage. From the findings, it can be concluded that blackberry and celery beverages were suitable raw material for growth of Lactobacillus plantarum.

Nowadays due to the interest of, asking for increased food production and the food industry focus on redesigning to optimize functional as well as maintain or improve the taste and nutritional value of the product. Palm kernel due to its significant amount of compounds can be used in beneficial food production as a cheap and functional source. In this study the nutritional benefits of palm kernel meal in 3 different levels (5, 10, 15%) was added to the formula Piccoli pasta and laboratory chemical, physical, and sensory quality was conducted for three times. Palm kernel powder-free pasta also was used as a reference sample. Then amount of this features were investigated in the final product. In addition, colorimetric tests, tissue analysis of raw and cooked samples, phenolic compounds measurement and sensory evaluation of taste, color and texture of the product was done. Data analysis shows that by increasing the amount of palm kernel flour, protein and moisture decreased, but fat, ash and fiber increased. In addition cooking analysis shows that Palm kernel meal volume loss increased while the cooking time is decreased comparing to traditional product. In the sensory evaluation there was no major difference and all three were in a same acceptable level. The results show that phenolic compounds increased with increasing palm kernel flour percentage. tissue analysis does not show any particular trend in the sample. According to the results replacement of ten percent of flour with palm kernel flour has the best result of checked ones.

Berry is expanded in different regions of Iran. Due to short time of harvesting season and sensitiveness to storage drying is a method for its preservation. Due to high wastages of this fruit in the country, importance of processing industry and evidences about high disadvantages of using sugar in foods, the aim of current research is based on achievement to a kind of concentrate from dried berry with profit properties for further usages in food formulations as a sugar or invert syrup substitute in different foods. After cleaning and maceration of dried berry, the obtained extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a constant rate and temperature and 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Rheological properties, pH, density, brix and colour indices were evaluated. Results demonstrated that pH, b*, L* indices and flow index behavior decreased and brix, density, a* index and consistency coefficient increased during evaporation time. Flow behavior showed an intensified in pesudoplastic behavior.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the patient is permanently exposed to gluten intolerance during their life. The only effective method for celiac disease is strict adherence to a glutenfree diet. So, attention to the high quality food production without gluten is important. The aim of this study is to produce gluten-free bread toast using Nigella sativa Linnconcentrateas an alternative to gluten and potato fiber. The Response Surface Method was used with two variables of potato fiber (2 to 6 %) and Nigella sativa Linnconcentrate (5 to 15 %). With increasing potato fiber and Nigella sativa Linnconcentrate, bread density increased significantly (p˂ 0. 05). Potato fiber resulted in a significant decrease in porosity, but Nigella sativa Linnconcentratewas ineffective (0. 01%). Potato fiber and Nigella sativa Linnconcentrateshowed a linear effect alone at the level of 0. 05. Moisture content decreased with increasing fiber and Nigella sativa Linnconcentrate, but the effect of protein concentrate was not significant (p˃ 0. 05). In addition, moisture content of bread decreased during storage. Potato fiber and protein concentrate had a significant effect on the hardness of bread texture and the texture increased during the four days storage period. The non-fit index for all models was not significant (0. 05%). The optimization of bread formulation showed that the toast containing 7. 5% of Nigella sativa Linnconcentrateand 2. 5% potato fiber had the best quality and is recommended for production.

During the marketing process, the consumer's needs are identified and the way to supply it is determined in order to obtain his satisfaction from the product and a durable, mutually beneficial relationship with him. In order to investigate the behavior of consumers, factors affecting these behaviors should be identified. In this research, the effect of some packaging parameters on increasing food marketing has been investigated. The results showed that the form, design, color and material of food packaging had a significant effect on its sales growth. It was also found that the priority of the package is for glass, plastic, metal, cardboard and paper, respectively. The results showed that transparent and firmly packed packaging had a significant effect on sales growth. In these results, the packaging priorities were transparency, material, strength, color, design, shape, and size of packaging. According to the results, it is recommended that manufacturers of food products should pack food products in transparent containers or, if they cannot be transported transparently, to print a clear form of foods on the package. It should be noted that the use of applicable packages for food packaging is not recommended. In general, the results showed that food packaging was effective in increasing food marketing.

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that is used as a repellency for free radicals and active oxygenates, dietary supplements and natural colorants, as well as its therapeutic applications, and has been called natural super-antioxidants. Furthermore, astaxanthin due to its high unsaturate is susceptible to environmental factors, which can be applied encapsulation in suitable coatings and added to food products to be controlled and released under specific conditions. In this research, Astaxanthin encapsulation has been carried out in a combination of Arabic gum and whey protein concentrate. In this stage, the independent variables, the ratio of each of the walls, Arabic gum (0. 5, 1, 1. 5 %), whey protein concentrate (2, 4 and 6 %), as well as pH (4. 5, 6. 5, 8. 5) were considered and their effects on turbidity, viscosity, drope size, zeta potential, and stability of nano-complex were investigated. In order to find the optimum pH of the complex formation, the adsorption rate was investigated in a wide range of pH (3-9) and pH 4. 5 was determined to for a complex of whey protein concentrate – Arabic gum. Based on the results obtained from the response surface method, the treatment with number-16 (%1. 5 GA, % 6 WPC in pH = 4. 5) with the suitable stability, has the highest viscosity and maximum turbidity, the smallest drope size and the highest zeta potential was determined as the optimal sample. In the final, ratio of 6 to 1. 5 between WPC and GA came up with the highest complex formation.

Recently, the use of chemical and synthetic preservatives for the control of microbial pathogenesis growth has been remarkably decreased. Today, essential oils (EOs) have been considered to be natural preservatives. Fennel is among the aromatic medicinal plant that can be used as a natural preservative. In this study, to investigate the antimicrobial activity of fennel essential oil on some pathogenic microorganisms causing infection and food poisoning (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans) were used disk diffusion agar (Kirby-Bauer), well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration methods. The interaction of fennel essential oil (FEO) with kanamycin antibiotic was investigated. The results disc diffusion agar and well diffusion agar antimicrobial assays showed that S. aureus was the most sensitive bacteria with the highest inhibition zone compared to the other microorganisms. The effects of interaction of FEO with kanamycin antibiotic on E. coli, S. aureus showed synergistic status. In general, FEO was able to prevent the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans “ in vitro” .

In recent years, edible coatings have been extensively used for extension shelf life of fruits and vegetables. In this research, the effect of washing with citric acid (1%w/v) followed by coating with different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC; 1, 1. 5 and 2% (w/v)) in combination with ascorbic acid (AA; 1, 2 and 3% (w/v)) on postharvest quality of button mushrooms when stored at 4 for up to 15 days was studied. After treatment, mushrooms weight loss, soluble solid content, firmness, color, microbial and sensory quality were evaluated at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 15 days of storage. The result indicated that coating reduced weight loss and delayed changes of soluble solid content and color compared to uncoated control mushroom. Coatings had not remarkable effect on firmness of mushrooms. Sensory evaluation showed that the shelf life of mushrooms increased from 8 to 15 days. Washing with citric acid reduced total bacteria, yeast and mold counts. Among different coatings the combination of CMC 2% and AA 3% was more effective.

The aim of the present research was to encapsulate cumin essential oil with phosphatidylcholine to overcome the fortification difficulties such as low water solubility and bioavailability and was protected umin essential oil from degradation in the presence of oxygen, light and temperatures. Cumin essential oil loaded nanophytosome (60 mg phosphatidylcholine-30 mg cumin essential oil) was prepared by thin layer hydration method. Physicochemical properties of nanophytosome such as particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency turbidity and zeta potential were investigated. Cumin essential oil nanophytosome showed excellent characteristics i. e. sub 100 nm particle sizes, low size distribution (PDI<0. 3). and encapsulation efficiency 94/46 %. The turbidity of cumin essential oil loaded nanophytosome were remained unchanged and zeta potential changed from +9 mV in blank nanophytosome to-19 mV in cumin essential oil loaded nanophytosome. The release rate increased gradually by increasing time. About 60% of free cumin essential oil were released in phosphate buffer during 6 hours while 50 % of encapsulated cumin essential oil were released during 24 houre. In vitro release of essential oil was followed an exponential equation (first order Q (t) = a × (1-exp (-k×t))). This study indicates that the release of bioactive compounds from liposomes can be reduced by capsulated with phosphatidylcholine, allowing an application of with a nanophytosome controlled release of Cumin essential oil in water-based foods.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pasteurization temperatures and cold shelf storage onchemical, microbial, and quality characteristics functional milk-carrot drinks. For this purpose, milk-carrot drinks based on cow milk were prepared with different concentration of carrot juice (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) andpasteurized at 65, 70, and 75 ° C for 30 min. Physicochemical characteristic such as total acidity, pH, Sugar (total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar), total protein, coliform, pasteurization efficiency, stability, phase separation, and sensory parameters were measured during storage times (1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 d) at 4 ° C. The results indicated that total acidity and pH of milk-carrot samples pasteurized at 70 ° C had lower variation than other treatments during cold shelf. The highest nonreducing sugar content was belong to 50% carrot juice (75 ° C)at 13 d and the highest reducing sugars was observed at 4d for all samples in pasteurization temperatures were. Pasteurization temperatures and storage time had not significant effect on total protein of samples with different carrot juice content. Pasteurization efficiency test showed that all of the pasteurization temperature-time treatments could completely inactivated alkaline phosphatase enzyme. But in coliform test, samples with 50% carrot juice (65 ° C) at 13 d and 30% carrot juice (75 ° C) at 13 d showed 3and 12 colonies respectively. Stability test and phase separation indicated that all treatments during cold shelf had necessary stability. Sensory evaluation determined that samples containing 40 and 50% carrot juice had the highest total acceptation. I t could be concluded that the optimum conditions for functional milk-carrot drink formulation, pasteurization and storage time for milk-carrot drink were 40 and 50% carrot juice substitution, 70 ° C pasteurization and 10 d cold shelf stability respectively.

Currently, consumers are aware of the side-effects of chemical additives and are more interested in natural antibacterial compounds as food preservatives, like herbal essential oils and extracts. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of some main components of the essential oils, including thymol, carvacrol, menthol and eugenol has been evaluated against Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1154), Pseudomonas nigrifacience (ATCC 19375), Erwinia carotorova (PTCC 1675) and Xanthomonas campestris (PTCC 1473) by broth microdilution method and agar disc diffusion method. According to the results, the lowest MIC was reported for Thymol which was 50 ppm (Pseudomonas nigrifacience, Erwinia carotorova and Bacillus cereus) and the maximum MIC for Pseudomonas nigrifacience was 100 ppm due to menthol and 125, 125 and 108 ppm for Bacillus cereus, Erwinia carotorova and Xanthomonas campestris respectively due to Eugenol. Menthol presented the broadest growth inhibitory zone (8. 9 mm) for Pseudomonas nigrifacience and the narrowest inhibitory zone was reported for Eugenol against Erwinia carotorova (5. 9 mm). Menthol and eugenol were the strongest and weakest antimicrobial agents respectively (p-value<0. 05). However, all tested components inhibited the microorganisms at different levels and are potent to be used as food preservatives.

In the present study, the optimization process of phenolic compounds extraction and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical-scavenging assay, FRAP test, and oxidative stability index) of Ferula persica was evaluated using ultrasound waves through response surface methodology (RSM). To optimize the extraction process from the central composite design with three independent variables including time (5, 27. 5 and 50 minutes), temperature (25, 45 and 65 ° C) and ethanol ratio in water-ethanol solvent (0, 50 and 100% ) was used. In general, the results of analysis of variance showed that independent parameters had a significant effect on the DPPH radical-scavenging assay, FRAP test, and oxidative stability index of Ferula persica extract, their Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0. 91, 0. 94 and 0. 93, respectively. However, the proposed model for total phenolic compounds does not indicate the significant effect of these mention parameters. The results showed that the optimum conditions for antioxidant activity of Ferula persica extract were at 52. 9 ° C and 53. 5% ethanol concentration in water-ethanol solvent with 34. 1 minutes for sonication. It was also found that the experimental results were close to those predicted by the response surface methodology. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity results of various extracts of Ferula persica showed that in most conditions, it has a suitable antioxidant power.

Since the dietary fiber has an important role in human nutrition, Incorporation of fibers into bread can compensate for its shortcomings and change it into functional food. Dietary fibers enhance the nutritional value of bread; however, they change the rheological properties of the dough, thus altering the final product quality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of zucchini powder in different levels of 5%, 10% and 15% on the rheological properties of the dough as well as physicochemical and sensory properties of bread. In this study, zucchini slices were dried in a hot-air dryer until reaching 9% moisture content. The zucchini powder was prepared and added to wheat flour in different amounts. Rheological properties were evaluated by a farinograph. The extensibility and resistance of the dough in addition to the bread texture were evaluated using a texture analyzer to investigate the bread staling during 72 h. The color of bread was evaluated by measuring L*, a*, and b* Hunter lab color parameters. The 5-point hedonic scale was used to assess the quality of the bread samples. By increasing the zucchini powder percentage, the amount of ash and fiber increased. As the zucchini powder content increased, water absorption slightly decreased, however, the stability and FQN increased. The zucchini powder caused an increase in the dough extensibility and resistance. The redness of bread decreased with increasing zucchini powder. The bread softness increased with a rise in the zucchini powder content. Sensory evaluation showed that bread containing zucchini powder has higher overall acceptance than the control sample.

Extracts, herbal essential oil and natural ingredients have known antibacterial properties and can be used as food preservatives. Quinoa seed is a rich source of protein with strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties than other cereals. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of peptide extracted from quinoa on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica bacteria. To determine the optimal condition of the peptide hydrolysis with the best antimicrobial property was used pepsin and alcalase enzyme at different temperatures and times. Antibacterial effects of hydrolyzed peptide from quinoa proteins on two types of gram positive and negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Samunellaantrica) were compared with the gentamicin antibiotic by Agar well diffusion method. The highest growth inhibition zone in Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica were seen at enzyme activity 60 (Anson per kg protein), Temperature of 50, 150 minutes and 800 μ g / ml concentration(13. 13 ± 1. 00 for Staphylococcus aureus and 11. 00 ± 1. 1 for Salmonella enterica). According to the findings, the peptide derived from protein quinoa has a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica bacteria. It is recommended that further research is done on the quinoa seed and its peptides be used as a natural preservative in foods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing a biodegradable film from a new source known as opopanax gum and investigating its physical and mechanical properties. Opopanax gum was purified after two extraction steps and the film was prepared with 4% gum solution and 2. 5% glycerol in deionized water. The apparent viscosity of the film solution showed the non-Newtonian shear thickening behavior of the solution. The contraction ratio obtained from opopanax gum film was-0. 267 ± 0. 095. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of opopanax film was 25. 059 ± 0. 623 cm2. The tensile strength and the elongation percentage at break point obtained for opopanax gum film were 0. 376 ± 0. 124 MPa and 350. 625± 108. 599 %, respectively. The opacity percentage of the film was 15. 633 ± 0. 404, which indicates the desirable clarity of the film. The average contact angle for the film was 34. 618º ± 1. 992, which can be said that the film is relatively sensitive to humidity. The X-ray diffraction spectrometer pattern showed the semi-crystalline structure of the film. Two endothermic peaks and two exothermic peaks were observed in the DSC thermograms. The thermal analysis of the film also showed 4 mass losses. The structure of the film was investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy. The FTIR test showed that the main part of the film is polysaccharide. The total results from different experiments showed that opopanax gum has the ability to form film. However, opopanax gum is not alone desirable to produce edible film due to its high thickness, high solubility in water, high permeability to water vapor and poor mechanical properties. Therefore, it could be an appropriate option for combining with other films to enhance biodegradability of the films.

In present study, the effect of the percentage of meat in the first stage (three levels of 30, 60% and 90%) and replacement of dried milk powder with soybean meal in the second stage on amount of acrylamide formed in grilled beef and chicken burgers (containing 60% meat) was investigated. Also, total sugar, protein, moisture and sensory characteristics of burgers were determined. The results indicated that the amount of acrylamide in chicken burgers was significantly less than that of beef burgers (p <0. 05). The highest and the lowest amounts of formed acrylamide related to meat burger 60% (66. 03 μ g/kg) and chicken burger 90% (26. 54 μ g/kg), respectively. Further, the increase of the beef and chicken meat content from 30 to 60% led to increase in acrylamide while increasing from 60 to 90% resulted in decrease in the amount of formed acrylamide. The total sugar content of chicken meat burgers was significantly higher than that of beef burgers while their protein content was lower (p<0. 05). The results also indicated that increasing replacement of dry milk powder caused to increase in amount of formed acrylamide in the burgers. The highest and the lowest amounts of acrylamide in the second stage related to the beef burger contains 16% dried milk powder (69. 25 μ g/kg) and chicken burger containing 8% dried milk powder (40. 35 μ g/kg). It seems the lowest amount of acrylamide in burgers would be formed in present of the chicken burgers containing 90 percent meat without dried milk powder.

The objective of this study was to extract the essential oil of purple basil leaf, to identify its compounds and to investigate its antimicrobial effects on some food-borne pathogenic bacteria through different qualitative and quantitative methods, and eventually, to compare it with some antibiotics including vancomycin and gentamycin in vitro. The essential oil components were identified with GC/MS. The antimicrobial effect of basil essential oil was measured through well diffusion agar (WDA), and finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil was determined using microdilution broth and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The results revealed that 28 identified compounds constituted 99. 28% of the whole essential oil compounds. p-Allylanisole (51. 64%) was the most abundant component of the essential oil. In addition, other main components such as n-Tricosane (24. 83%) and Linalool (14. 81%). In the wall in agar method, the mean free zone diameter was equal to 15. 9 mm in the case of Gram-positive bacteria and 11. 15 mm in the case of Gram-negative ones. The minimum MIC of purple basil essential oil ranged from 4. 6 to 36. 8 mg/ml in the case of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, its minimum bactericidal concentration varied from 4. 6 to 73. 6. in conclusion, it can be said that purple basil essential oil was effective on Gram-positive bacteria at lower concentrations and could inhibit their growth.

In the current study, the effect of seasonal variation on the type and percentage of phytochemical compounds of Artemisia fragrans Willd. essential oil was investigated. Herbal samples were collected in 4 different seasons and then their essential oils were extracted by the Clevenger type apparatus. In the following, the essential oil compositions of each season was analyzed by GC-MS apparatus. In total, 50 different compounds were identified in four sentential oil. The major components of the essential oil were camphor, thujone, and 1, 8-cineole in different seasons. Also, the results showed that monotreptans were the major class of essential oil compounds in September (91. 87%), December (90. 55%), May (96. 32%) and July (95. 4%). The highest amount of phenolics (5. 49 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (28. 98%) were observed in essential oil of Septebmer. Antibacterial effects of the different essential oils using paper disc diffusion method were carried out on Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilus. Based on the results of the study, gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, and K. pneumonia) were more susceptible to artemisia essential oils in comparison with gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilus). The results of this research can be useful in determining the best sampling date of this plant for pharmaceutical and antibacterial uses.